Medical Anatomy & Physiology

Students will explore and describe the body plan, organization, and homeostasis

Students will explain basic principles of body chemistry

 Students will describe basic structures and functions of cells

Students will describe basic structures and functions of histology, and the integumentary system.

Students will describe the structures and functions of the skeletal system and its components.

Students will describe the structures and functions of the muscular system and its components.

Students will describe the structures and functions of the nervous system and special senses

Students will describe the structures and functions associated with the endocrine system.

Students will describe the components and functions associated with blood

Students will describe the structures and functions of the lymphatic system

Students will describe the structures and functions of the cardiovascular system

STANDARD 12 Students will describe the structures and functions associated with the respiratory system

Students will describe the structures and functions associated with the digestive system

Students will describe the structures and functions associated with the urinary system

Students will describe the structures and functions associated with the reproductive system

Contrast the sciences of anatomy and physiology.

Describe the six levels of structural organization of the human body and their interrelationship. (1.Chemical, 2.Cellular, 3.Tissue, 4.Organ, 5.System, 6.Organism)

Describe the following: 1.Metabolism a.Anabolic process b.Catabolic process

Identify commonly used planes to divide the body based upon anatomical position. 1.Sagittal 2.Midsagittal 3.Transverse (horizontal) 4.Frontal (coronal)

Apply directional terms used in human anatomy. 1.Posterior/Anterior 2.Medial/Lateral 3.Proximal/Distal 4.Superficial/Deep 5.Superior/Inferior

Identify the body cavities and locate the following organs within each cavity. 1.Dorsal Cavity a.Vertebral (spinal) -spinal cord b.Cranial-brain 2.Ventral Cavity a.Thoracic i.Mediastinum-heart, bronchi, esophagus, thymus ii.Pericardial-heart iii.Pleural-lungs 3.Abdominopelvic Cavity-liver, spleen, intestines, kidneys, stomach a.Abdominal-liver, spleen, intestines, kidneys, stomach b.Pelvic-intestines, urinary bladder, sex organs

Identify the major organ(s) in each abdominal quadrant. 1.RUQ-right upper quadrant-liver, gallbladder, right kidney 2.RLQ-right lower quadrant-cecum, appendix, right ovary 3.LUQ-left upper quadrant-spleen, stomach, left kidney 4.LLQ-lower left quadrant-left ovary

Examine the effects of stress on homeostasis.

Differentiate between negative and positive feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. Give examples of each. 1.Positive feedback examples: childbirth, breast feeding, blood clotting, etc. 2.Negative feedback examples: blood pressure, blood glucose, thermoregulation, etc.

Review the following terms and concepts. 1.States of Matter 2.Elements 3.Basic components of the atom a.Nucleus b.Electrons c.Protons d.Neutrons

Identify the four major elements in the body. 1.Carbon 2.Hydrogen 3.Oxygen 4.Nitrogen

Differentiate between: 1.Compound 2.Molecule

Describe the characteristics of bonds.(Do not place emphasis on which is the strongest type.) 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Hydrogen

Analyze ions in a solution (electrolytes)and differentiate between: 1.Cation 2.Anion

Describe the properties of water and how it is utilized in the human body. 1.Universal solvent 2.Transport 3.Lubricant 4.Heat capacity 5.Chemical reactions

Distinguish between: 1.Inorganic compounds-do not contain carbon, small molecules, usually form ionic bonds 2.Organic compounds-usually contain carbon, large molecules, form covalent bonds, flammable

Describe the structures and functions of the following organic compounds and give an example of each: 1.Carbohydrates 2.Proteins (amino acids) 3.Lipids 4.Nucleic acids (RNA, DNA)

Define pH and identify the different solutions based on the pH scale. 1.Acidic 2.Basic (alkaline) 3.Neutral 4.Blood ph = 7.35 to 7.45

Describe how the body produces energy during cellular respiration 1.ATP ↔ ADP + P + ENERGY

Identify the principal parts of a generalized animal cell and their functions. 1.Nucleus a.Nucleolus b.Chromosome c.Chromatin d.Gene (DNA, RNA) 2.Cytoplasm a.Cytosol b.Organelles i.Ribosome ii.Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth, rough) iii.Golgi complex (body) iv.Lysosome v.Mitochondria vi.Centrosome (centrioles) 3.Cell membrane a.Microvilli (absorption) b.Cilia (transports products along the surface of the cell, “crowd surfers”) c.Flagella (transports the cell)

Describe a selectively permeable membrane and factors which influence permeability.

Contrast intracellular and extracellular fluid in terms of location and composition.

Describe each of the following cellular transport processes and classify them as active or passive.  1.Passive processes a.Simple diffusion b.Facilitated diffusion c.Filtration (dialysis) d.Osmosis 2.Active processes a.Endocytosis (phagocytosis) b.Exocytosis c.Active transport (Sodium/Potassium pump)

Compare and contrast the osmotic effects that occur when a cell is placed in the following solutions: 1.Isotonic 2.Hypotonic 3.Hypertonic

Compare and Contrast 1.Mitosis 2.Meiosis

Identify and describe the general characteristics and functions of each of the four principle types of tissues. 1.Epithelial-strategies for tissue identification (arrangement & cell shape) 2.Connective-adipose, cartilage, dense fibrous, blood, bone 3.Muscular-skeletal, smooth, cardiac 4.Nervous – neurons, neuroglial cells

Differentiate between the four basic types of membranes. 1.Mucous 2.Serous 3.Synovial 4.Cutaneous

Identify and describe the structures and functions of the integumentary system components. 1.Skin 2.Glands 3.Hair 4.Nails

Identify the major layers of skin. 1.Epidermis 2.Dermis 3.Subcutaneous (hypodermis)

Contrast the following: 1.Exocrine glands (sudoriferous, sebaceous) 2.Endocrine glands (hormones)

Explain the following diseases and disorders of the integumentary system. 1.Skin cancers a.Basal cell carcinoma b.Squamous cell carcinoma c.Malignant melanoma 2.Decubitus ulcers 3.Eczema 4.Acne 5.Lesion 6.Burns a.1st degree b.2nd degree c.3rd degree

Identify the general functions of the skeletal system

Identify the roles of the following in bone growth and ossification: 1.Osteoblasts 2.Osteocytes 3.Osteoclasts

Students will describe the structures and functions of the skeletal system and its components. 1.Short 2.Flat 3.Irregular 4.Long

Describe the features of a long bone. 1.Periosteum 2.Diaphysis 3.Epiphysis 4.Medullary cavity 5.Red marrow 6.Yellow marrow 7.Articular cartilage 8.Endosteum 9.Compact bone 10.Spongy bone

Describe and locate the following bone markings. 1.Foramen 2.Meatus 3.Sinus 4.Fossa 5.Condyle 6.Tuberosity 7.Trochanter 8.Tubercle 9.Process

Describe and differentiate between the following terms: 1.Suture 2.Fontanel

Locate the following bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons. 1.Axial Skeleton a.Mandible b.Maxilla c.Zygomatic d.Frontal e.Parietal f.Occipital g.Sphenoid h.Ethmoid i.Hyoid j.Temporal k.Vertebrae l.Ribs m.Sternum 2.Appendicular Skeleton a.Clavicle b.Scapula c.Pubic bone i.Ilium ii.Ischium iii.Pubis d.Femur e.Patella f.Tibia g.Fibula h.Tarsals i.Metatarsals j.Phalanges k.Humerus l.Ulna m.Radius n.Carpals o.Metacarpals

Contrast the average number, location, and function of each of the five groups of vertebrae. 1.Cervical 2.Thoracic 3.Lumbar 4.Sacral 5.Coccygeal

Explain the structural and functional classifications of articulations. 1.Structural: a.Fibrous b.Cartilaginous c.Synovial 2.Functional: a.Synarthrotic b.Amphiarthrotic c.Diarthrotic

Differentiate between ligaments and tendons.

Identify the following diseases and disorders of the skeletal system. 1.Herniated disk 2.Osteoarthritis 3.Osteoporosis 4.Scoliosis 5.Kyphosis 6.Lordosis 7.Spina bifida 8.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Describe the general functions of the muscular system.

Describe the four characteristics of muscle tissue. 1.Elasticity 2.Excitability (irritability) 3.Extensibility 4.Contractility

Contrast the general location, microscopic appearance, control, and functions of the three specific types of muscle tissue. 1.Skeletal 2.Smooth 3.Cardiac

Identify the structures of the sarcomere. 1.Actin (thin filament) 2.Myosin (thick filament)

Describe what occurs at the neuro muscular junction. 1.Nerve impulse (action potential) 2.Ach release (neurotransmitter) 3.Muscle contraction stimulated

Describe the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction.

Define the following terms: 1.Origin 2.Insertion

Review terms of movement: 1.Flexion/extension 2.Abduction/adduction 3.Plantar flexion/dorsiflexion 4.Rotation

Explain the role of the following: 1.Prime movers (agonists) 2.Antagonists 3.Synergist 4.Fixators

Describe the locations and functions of the following skeletal muscles: 1.Masseter 2.Sternocleidomastoid 3.Trapezius 4.Biceps brachii 5.Triceps brachii 6.Deltoid 7.Diaphragm 8.Pectoralis major 9.Latissimus dorsi 10.Rectus abdominis 11.External oblique 12.Gastrocnemius 13.Tibialis anterior 14.Soleus 15.Hamstrings a.Semimembranosus b.Semitendinosus c.Biceps femoris 16.Quadriceps a.Rectus femoris b.Vastus lateralis c.Vastus medialis d.Vastus intermedius 17.Gluteus maximus 18.Sartorius

Identify the following diseases and disorders of the muscular system. 1.Fibromyalgia 2.Muscular dystrophy 3.Medial tibial stress syndrome 4.Compare and contrast the following, describe the three degrees of injury: a.Sprain b.Strain

Describe the three broad functions of the nervous system.. 1.Sensory 2.Integration 3.Motor

Describe the general organization of the nervous system. 1.Central Nervous System (CNS) a.Brain b.Spinal Cord 2.Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) a.Spinal nerves 1. 31 pairs b.Cranial nerves 1. I-XII c.Subdivisions i.Autonomic Division 1.Sympathetic 2.Parasympathetic ii.Somatic Division

List the functions and structures of neurons and neuroglial cells. 1.Neuron 2.Astrocytes 3.Microglia 4.Oligodendrocytes 5.Ependymal cells 6.Schwann cells 7.Satellite cells

Contrast white and gray matter of nervous tissue.

Identify the structures responsible for the maintenance and protection of the central nervous system. 1.Meninges a.Dura mater b.Arachnoid mater c.Pia mater

Identify the structures responsible for the maintenance and protection of the central nervous system. 1.Meninges a.Dura mater b.Arachnoid mater c.Pia mater

Identify the four principal parts of the brain. 1.Cerebrum a.Frontal b.Parietal c.Temporal d.Occipital 2.Cerebellum 3.Brain stem a.Medulla oblongata b.Pons c.Midbrain 4.Diencephalon a.Thalamus b.Hypothalamus

Sequence the major events when the nerve impulse (action potential) is initiated and transmitted through a neuron. (All or None Principle)

Explain the role of each of the components of a reflex arc. 1.Reflex 2.Reflex arc 3.Receptor 4.Sensory neuron 5.Association (interneuron) neuron 6.Motor neuron 7.Effector

Explain the following diseases and disorders of the nervous system. 1.Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 2.Alzheimer’s Disease 3.Bacterial meningitis 4.Cerebral palsy 5.Epilepsy 6.Multiple Sclerosis 7.Guillain-Barre syndrome 8.Parkinson’s Disease 9.Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)-stroke

Identify the principal anatomical structures of the eye. 1.Accessory structures a.Eyelid b.Conjunctiva c.Lacrimal apparatus d.Extrinsic muscles 2.Layers of the eyeball a.Fibrous tunic i.Sclera ii.Cornea b.Vascular tunic i.Choroid ii.Ciliary body iii.Iris iv.Lens v.Pupil 3.Nervous tunic a.Retina

Identify the principal anatomical structures of the ear. 1.Outer ear a.Auricle b.Auditory Canal 2.Middle ear a.Tympanic cavity b.Tympanic membrane c.Auditory (Eustachian) tube d.Auditory ossicles e.Malleus f.Incus g.Stapes 3.Inner ear a.Semicircular canals i.Vestibule ii.Cochlea & Organ of Corti

Identify and describe the principle anatomical structures and functions associated with a sense of taste and smell. 1.Gustatory cells (taste buds) 2.Olfactory bulb

Explain the following diseases and disorders associated with special senses. 1.Ametropia-abnormal refracted light a.Myopia b.Hyperopia c.Presbyopia 2.Cataracts 3.Conjunctivitis 4.Strabismus 5.Glaucoma 6.Macular degeneration 7.Vertigo 8.Tinnitus 9.Middle ear infection (Otitis Media) 10.Deafness a.Conductive b.Sensorineural

Identify the general functions of the endocrine system.

Describe a “hormone” and how it functions in the body.

Describe the location, secretion, and functions of the major endocrine glands. 1.Hypothalamus a.Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) i.Produced in hypothalamus ii.Stored in posterior pituitary 2.• Oxytocin Hormone (OT) i.Produced in hypothalamus ii.Stored in posterior pituitary 3.Pituitary Gland-found in the hypophyseal fossa “Sella Turcica” 4.Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis) a.Human Growth Hormone (HGH) i.Targets cells stimulating growth b.Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) i.Targets thyroid gland c.Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) i.Targets adrenal cortex 5.Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) a.Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH); also known as vasopressin i.Neural stimulus releases ADH to target kidneys for water retention b.Oxytocin Hormone (OT) i.Neural stimulus releases (OT)to target uterus for child birthing ii.Neural stimulus releases (OT)to target breast tissue for milk let down 6.Thyroid Gland-found inferior to the larynx a.Thyroxine (T4) i.Targets cells increasing metabolism b.Triiodothyronine (T3) i.Targets cells increasing metabolism 7.Adrenal Gland-found atop the kidneys a.Adrenal Cortex i.Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 1.Stimulates the release of cortisol b.Cortisol i.Coping with long term stress ii.Anti-inflammatory by suppressing white blood cells c.Adrenal Medulla-sympathetic stimulus for sustained “Fight or Flight” i.Epinephrine- (adrenaline) - increasing cell metabolism ii.Norepinephrine- (noradrenaline) - increasing cell metabolism 8.Pancreas Gland-Exocrine/Endocrine gland in LUQ posterior to the stomach a.Insulin i.Released from beta cells to target cells to decrease blood sugar b.Glucagon i.Released from alpha cells to break down glycogen to increase blood sugar

Explain the following diseases and disorders of the endocrine system. a.Dwarfism b.Gigantism c.Acromegaly d.Hypothyroidism i.Myxedema ii.Cretinism-congenital hypothyroidism e.Hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease) i.Goiter ii.Exophthalmos f.Diabetes mellitus i.Type I ii.Type II g.Diabetes insipidus h.Cushing’s syndrome

Identify the components of blood and their functions. 1.Erythrocytes a.Shapes b.Function of hemoglobin 2.Leukocytes a.Granulocytes i.Neutrophils ii.Basophils iii.Eosinophils b.Agranulocytes i.Monocytes ii.Lymphocytes 3.Thrombocytes 4.Plasma

Describe the process of hemostasis. 1.Vascular spasm 2.Platelet plug formation 3.Coagulation

Contrast a thrombus and an embolus.

Identify the antigens found on the erythrocytes and the antibodies that determine the ABO blood types and the Rh factor.

Explain the following diseases and disorders associated with the blood. 1.Anemias 2.Nutritional 3.Pernicious 4.Hemorrhagic 5.Hemolytic 6.Sickle cell 7.Aplastic 8.Hemolytic disease of the newborn 9.Hemophilia 10.Leukemia 11.Mononucleosis 12.Polycythemia

Identify the components of the lymphatic system. 1.Tonsils 2.Spleen 3.Thymus 4.Lymph nodes 5.Bone marrow 6.Lymph vessels

Describe how lymph is moved through the body.

Contrast antigens and antibodies.

Describe the general roles of T-cells and B-cells in the immune response.

Distinguish between types of immunity. 1.active 2.passive 3.natural 4.artificial

Explain the following diseases and disorders associated with the lymphatic system 1.AIDS 2.Measles 3.Mumps 4.Rubella 5.Tetanus

List the general functions of the cardiovascular system.

Describe the layers of the heart. 1.Epicardium 2.Myocardium 3.Endocardium

Identify the chambers of the heart. 1.Atria 2.Ventricles

Identify the valves of the heart. 1.Tricuspid 2.Pulmonary semilunar 3.Bicuspid (mitral) 4.Aortic semilunar

Locate the great blood vessels of the heart. 1.Superior vena cava 2.Inferior vena cava 3.Pulmonary trunk 4.Pulmonary arteries 5.Pulmonary veins 6.Aorta 7.Branches of the aorta

Trace blood flow through the heart.

Contrast pulmonary and systemic circulation.

Identify the components of the conduction system of the heart and trace the pathway. 1.Sinoatrial (SA) node 2.Atrioventricular (AV) node 3.AV bundle (Bundle of His) 4.Bundle branches 5.Purkinje fibers

Sequence the principal events of the cardiac cycle in terms of systole and diastole.

Define cardiac output and identify factors that influence it. 1.Heart rate (HR) 2.Stroke volume (SV)

Contrast the structures and functions of arteries, capillaries, and veins.

Define pulse and identify the general location of arteries where pulse may be felt.

Describe blood pressure and how to measure it.

Identify the following diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system. 1.Aneurysm 2.Arteriosclerosis 3.Atherosclerosis 4.Cerebrovascular accident/stroke (CVA) 5.Coronary artery disease 6.Hypertension 7.Murmur 8.Myocardial infarction

Identify the general functions of the respiratory system.

Sequence the organs of the respiratory system in the order which air will pass through them from the exterior. 1.Nose/mouth 2.Pharynx 3.Nasopharynx 4.Oropharynx 5.Laryngopharynx 6.Larynx 7.Trachea 8.Bronchi 9.Bronchioles 10.Alveolar duct 11.Alveoli

Identify the following structures associated with the larynx. 1.Epiglottis 2.Glottis 3.Hyoid bone 4.Thyroid cartilage 5.Cricoid cartilage 6.True vocal cords 7.False vocal cords

Identify the coverings of the lungs and the gross anatomical features of the lungs. 1.Apex 2.Base 3.Lobes 4.Visceral pleura 5.Parietal pleura 6.Pleural cavity

Identify the volumes and capacities of air exchanged during ventilation. 1.Tidal volume 2.Vital capacity

Differentiate between the following. 1.Ventilation 2.External respiration 3.Internal respiration

Describe the effects of carbon dioxide on ventilation.

1.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder a.Emphysema b.Bronchitis 2.Asthma 3.Influenza 4.Lung cancer 5.Pneumonia 6.Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) 7.Tuberculosis (TB) 8.Cystic Fibrosis (CF) 9.Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Identify the general functions of the digestive system.

Contrast chemical and mechanical digestion.

Differentiate between the following: 1.Alimentary canal structures a.Mouth b.Pharynx c.Esophagus d.Stomach e.Small intestines f.Large intestines g.Rectum h.Anus 2.Accessory structures a.Salivary glands (parotid) b.Pancreas c.Gallbladder d.Liver

Describe the functions of saliva and salivary amylase in digestion.

Identify the following parts of a typical tooth. 1.Crown 2.Neck 3.Root 4.Gingiva 5.Periodontal ligament 6.Enamel 7.Dentin 8.Pulp 9.Root canal

Define the following: 1.Deglutition 2.Mastication 3.Maceration 4.Segmentation 5.Peristalsis 6.Haustral churning

Identify the anatomical features of the stomach. 1.Fundus 2.Body 3.Pylorus 4.Rugae 5.Cardiac sphincter 6.Pyloric sphincter

Identify the basic components and functions of gastric juice. 1.Chief cells a.Pepsinogen 2.Parietal cells a.Hydrochloric acid 3.Goblet cells a.Mucus

Identify the location and digestive functions of the pancreas. 1.Pancreatic Islets a.endocrine 2.Acini Cells a.exocrine

Describe the function of bile (emulsification).

Identify the three sections of the small intestine and describe the functions. 1.Duodenum 2.Jejunum 3.Ileum

Identify the structures and sections of the large intestine and describe the functions. 1.Cecum 2.Colon a.Ascending b.Transverse c.Descending d.Sigmoid 3.Rectum 4.Anal canal

Identify the following diseases and disorders of the digestive system. a.Appendicitis b.Cirrhosis c.Colorectal cancer d.Gallstones e.Hepatitis f.Obesity g.Ulcers h.Celiac disease i.Crohn’s disease j.Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Identify the general functions of the urinary system

Identify the four major organs of the urinary system. 1.Kidneys 2.Ureters 3.Bladder 4.Urethra

Identify the gross anatomy of the kidney. 1.Renal cortex 2.Renal medulla 3.Renal pyramids 4.Renal pelvis 5.Renal capsule 6.Calyces

Identify the microscopic structures ofthe nephron. 1.Renal corpuscle a.Glomerulus b.Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule 2.Afferent arteriole 3.Efferent arteriole 4.Renal tubule a.Proximal convoluted tubule b.Descending limb c.Nephron loop d.Ascending limb e.Distal convoluted tubule f.Collecting duct 5.Peritubular capillaries

Describe the three basic physiological processes and the structures involved in urine formation. 1.Filtration 2.Reabsorption 3.Secretion

Identify abnormal constituents of urine and possible causes of each. 1.Glucose 2.Ketones in excessive levels 3.Erythrocytes 4.Leukocytes 5.Bilirubin 6.Microbes 7.Albumin

Describe the methods of fluid intake and output. 1.Intake a.Oral i.Liquid ii.Solid b.Intravenous c.Metabolic 2.Output a.Urination (micturition or voiding) b.Sweat c.Feces d.Exhaled vapor

Explain the following diseases and disorders associated with the urinary system. 1.Glomerulonephritis 2.Incontinence 3.Kidney stones 4.Polyuria 5.Renal failure 6.Urinary tract infections (UTI)

Identify the general functions of the reproductive system.

Describe the anatomy of the male genitalia. 1.External a.Penis b.Scrotum c.Testes 2.Internal a.Epididymis b.Ductus deferens c.Ejaculatory duct d.Urethra 3.Accessory a.Seminal vesicles b.Prostate c.Bulbourethral gland

Describe the functions of testosterone in the male.

Describe the anatomy of the female reproductive structures. 1.External a.Vulva b.Labia majora c.Clitoris d.Labia minora e.Mons pubis f.Vestibule 2.Internal a.Ovaries b.Uterus c.Uterine tubes(Fallopian tubes) i.Infundibulum and fimbriae ii.Ampulla iii.Isthmus d.Vagina 3.Accessory a.Mammary glands b.Perineum

Describe the structures and function of the uterus. 1.Perimetrium 2.Myometrium 3.Endometrium a.Stratum functionalis b.Stratum basalis 4.Fundus 5.Cervix

Define the menstrual cycle including the ovarian and uterine cycles and changes that occur during menopause.

Describe the physiological effects of estrogens, progesterone, and relaxin.

Contrast the general outcomes of spermatogenesis vs. oogenesis.

Define the following sequence of events that occur during human development. 1.Fertilization 2.Zygote 3.Implantation 4.Embryo 5.Fetus

Identify the principal events associated with the three stages of labor. 1.Stage 1-dilation and effacement 2.Stage 2-delivery and birth 3.Stage 3-placental expulsion

Explain the following diseases and disordersof the reproductive system. 1.Reproductive cancers a.Breast b.Testicular c.Cervical d.Ovarian e.Prostate f.Uterine 2.Endometriosis 3.Impotence 4.Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (POS) 5.Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) a.Gonorrhea b.Syphilis c.Genital herpes d.Chlamydia e.Trichomoniasis f.Genital warts g.Human Papillomavirus (HPV)