History of the Catholic Church

The Council documents—pastoral tone and language.

C6.2.AT

Pope Paul VI (1963).

C6.2.AU

Some developments after the Council.

C6.2.AV

First non-Italian pope in centuries—vigorous, dramatic, faced down Communism.

C6.2.AW

Evangelizer to the world: 104 papal trips overseas, his Dialogue of Salvation.

C6.2.AX

Teacher: numerous encyclicals, post-synodal documents, writings.

C6.2.AY

Pastor: Holy Thursday letters to priests—his World Youth Days.

C6.2.AZ

Themes: be not afraid; Mary, Totus Tuus; human dignity, new evangelization.

C6.2.BA

Assassination attempt: example of courage, faith, and forgiveness.

C6.2.BB

The Catechism of the Catholic Church.

C6.2.BC

First encyclical Deus Caritas Est followed by apostolic exhortation Sacramentum Caritatis.

C6.2.BD

Addresses clash of culture and civilization with faith.

C6.2.BE

Ecumenism today: Church of the East, Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant.

C6.2.BF

Colonial America.

C6.2.BG

Immigrations—ethnic Catholics.

C6.2.BH

Church’s role in development of social justice in the United States.

C6.2.BI

Eastern Catholics.

C6.2.BJ

Catholic education.

C6.2.BK

Late twentieth to start of twenty-first century.

C6.3.A

How can the Church claim to be holy and a protector of truth when there are things in her history like the Crusades, the Inquisition, the persecution of Jews, and the Galileo case?

C6.3.B

If the Catholic Church truly has the fullness of truth, why have other churches broken away from her?

C6.1.A.1

Church planned by the Father (LG, no. 2; CCC, no. 759).

C6.1.A.2

Church instituted by Christ who (CCC, nos. 748, 763-766)

C6.1.A.3

Church is revealed by Holy Spirit: fifty-day preparation for Pentecost (CCC, nos. 767-768).

C6.1.B.1

The missionary journeys of St. Paul.

C6.1.B.2

The role of Peter and the Apostles in the early Church.

C6.1.B.3

Apostolic Succession preserves the mission, office, and teaching of the Apostles as entrusted to them by Christ (CCC, nos. 857-862).

C6.2.A.1

Empire was tolerant in principle but changed regarding Christians who denied Roman gods and refused to worship them.

C6.2.A.2

“Blood of martyrs is the seed of the Church” (Tertullian [catacombs]).

C6.2.A.3

Teachings of St. Ignatius of Antioch, St. Justin Martyr, and St. Irenaeus sustained the faith of the persecuted Church.

C6.2.B.1

Transition from Last Supper to Breaking of Bread.

C6.2.B.2

Development of Liturgy of the Word and of Eucharistic Prayer.

C6.2.B.3

Descriptions in the Didache; St. Justin Martyr (Liturgy of the Hours, Vol. II, p. 694).

C6.2.C.1

Freedom of worship.

C6.2.C.2

From house liturgies to worship in public.

C6.2.D.1

Influenced by Plato’s philosophy through Plotinus.

C6.2.D.2

With sermons and commentaries on Scripture and sacraments.

C6.2.E.1

These were located in Jerusalem, Antioch, Constantinople, and Alexandria.

C6.2.E.2

The See of Peter in Rome in relation to the Patriarchates.

C6.2.F.1

Church response to heresies (Arianism and Nes-torianism): Nicea, AD 325; First Constantinople, 381; Ephesus, 431; Chalcedon, 451; and three later councils.

C6.2.F.2

Dealt with doctrines of Incarnation and the Trinity.

C6.2.F.3

Some Eastern Churches began separating over doctrinal disputes; the first separation occurred in 431, the second in 451, and the third in 1054.

C6.2.G.1

Barbarian invasions; weakened government.

C6.2.G.2

Political influence of popes and bishops increased.

C6.2.H.1

St. Benedict and the Benedictines.

C6.2.H.2

St. Columban and the Celtic monks.

C6.2.I.1

Charlemagne’s Frankish Empire.

C6.2.I.2

Clashes between Church and monarchies on selection of bishops.

C6.2.I.3

Gregory VII—Hildebrand and Gregorian reform.

C6.2.j.1

Bernard and the Cistercians.

C6.2.j.2

Rise of the mendicant orders.

C6.2.j.3

Universities: Oxford, Cambridge, Paris, Padua, Krakow, etc.

C6.2.j.4

Summa of St. Thomas Aquinas.

C6.2.j.5

The Imitation of Christ, by Thomas à Kempis.

C6.2.j.6

Gothic cathedrals.

C6.2.j.7

Heresy about Eucharist—response at Council of Lateran IV.

C6.2.j.8

Rise of Eucharistic adoration and Feast of Corpus Christi.

C6.2.j.9

Saints: Clare, Francis, Gertrude, Margaret of Scotland, Dominic, Catherine of Siena, Albert the Great, Joan of Arc.

C6.2.j.10

Black Death cast somber pall over Christian piety.

C6.2.j.11

Great Schism and the Avignon Papacy.

C6.2.K.1

Islam’s birth and its first encounters with Christianity.

C6.2.K.2

Shrines in the Holy Land fall under Islam’s control.

C6.2.K.3

Christian military response.

C6.2.K.4

Success and failure of Crusades (attacks on Jews).

C6.2.L.1

Cultural and economic resurgence of Europe.

C6.2.L.2

Tensions between East and West.

C6.2.M.1

Erasmus and Thomas More.

C6.2.M.2

Revival of study of classical culture and languages.

C6.2.M.3

Christian humanism—new translation of Bible.

C6.2.N.1

Florence and the Medicis, patrons of arts and schools.

C6.2.N.2

Fra Angelico, Giotto, Raphael, Michelangelo, Bramante, Bernini.

C6.2.N.3

The new St. Peter’s Basilica, Sistine Chapel, Duomo in Florence.

C6.2.N.4

St. Philip Neri, Apostle of Rome, promoted the music of Palestrina and historical scholarship of Baronius.

C6.2.O.1

Sale of indulgences, clerical corruption, ignorance of the faith.

C6.2.O.2

Sola Fides, Sola Gratia, Sola Scriptura.

C6.2.O.3

Use of printing press, catechism, vernacular Bible and liturgy, married clergy, Eucharist under two species, lay priesthood.

C6.2.P.1

Martin Luther (Germany).

C6.2.P.2

John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli (Switzerland).

C6.2.P.3

Henry VIII (England).

C6.2.P.4

John Knox (Scotland).

C6.2.Q.1

Thirty Years’ War between Catholics and 37 Doctrinal Elements of a Curriculum Framework for the Development of Catechetical Materials for Young People of High School Age Protestants.

C6.2.Q.2

Cuius Regio–Eius Religio—rise of state churches.

C6.2.R.1

Renewal of bishops, priests, religious.

C6.2.R.2

Doctrinal and pastoral issues.

C6.2.S.1

Mass of St. Pius V, Roman catechism, Jesuit education.

C6.2.S.2

Baroque architecture and concert-style Masses— symbolized the newfound confidence of the Church.

C6.2.S.3

Saints: Ignatius, Robert Bellarmine, Peter Canisius, Teresa of Avila, John of the Cross, Charles Borromeo, Francis de Sales, Jane de Chantal, Vincent de Paul, Louise de Marillac.

C6.2.T.1

St. Peter Claver’s ministry to African slaves.

C6.2.T.2

Conversion of Mexico: Our Lady of Guadalupe— St. Juan Diego.

C6.2.T.3

St. Rose of Lima and St. Martin de Porres.

C6.2.T.4

North American martyrs—Church in American colonies.

C6.2.Z.1

New religious congregations founded for teaching.

C6.2.Z.2

St. Bernadette’s vision of Mary at Lourdes— pilgrimage site.

C6.2.Z.3

Saints: Therese of Lisieux, Margaret Mary Alacoque, John Vianney, Catherine Laboure.

C6.2.AA.1

Strengthened spiritual authority of Pope after loss of Papal States.

C6.2.AA.2

Man of deep faith and virtues, beatified in 2000.

C6.2.AA.3

His Syllabus of Errors.

C6.2.AA.4

Immaculate Conception dogma, 1854 (CCC, nos. 490-493).

C6.2.AB.1

Opened December 8, 1869—306 years after Council of Trent.

C6.2.AB.2

First discussion: Dogmatic Constitution on Faith.

C6.2.AB.3

July 1870: infallibility of Pope defined (CCC, nos. 889-891, 2035, 2051).

C6.2.AB.4

August 1870: Papal States occupied; pope suspended Council.

C6.2.AD.1

No living wage, no pensions or sick leave; child labor, sweat shops.

C6.2.AD.2

Denial of right to form labor unions or mount strikes.

C6.2.AD.3

Management’s ignoring human dignity of workers, etc.

C6.2.AE.1

Universal destination of goods of earth for all people.

C6.2.AE.2

Subsidiarity, justice for workers, reform of capitalism (CCC, nos. 1883, 1885, 1894, 2209).

C6.2.AE.3

Common good, private property, living wage, unions (CCC, nos. 1807, 2401, 2403, 2246, 2435).

C6.2.AM.1

Lowered age of First Communion to age of reason.

C6.2.AM.2

Popularized Gregorian chant—helped liturgical movement.

C6.2.AP.1

Signed Lateran Treaty with Mussolini; broke with Mussolini in 1931.

C6.2.AP.2

His break with Hitler—encyclical Mit Brennender Sorge.

C6.2.AQ.1

Opposed Nazis; Christmas messages for peace.

C6.2.AQ.2

Pius and the Jews—his efforts to protect them.

C6.2.AQ.3

Spiritual signs of light in darkness of war and its aftermath—1954 proclaimed dogma of the Assumption—encyclicals.

C6.2.AT.1

Guided remaining sessions of Council.

C6.2.AT.2

Implemented Council teachings.

C6.2.AT.3

Controversy over Humanae Vitae.

C6.2.AT.4

Met with Athenagoras in Istanbul.

C6.2.AT.5

Visits to New York, Bombay, Manila, etc.

C6.2.AT.6

Promoted synods of bishops.

C6.2.AT.7

Succeeded by Pope John Paul I, who reigned thirtythree days.

C6.2.AU.1

Changes in liturgy, growth of Scripture study, new look in church architecture, growth of lay involvement—parish councils, etc.

C6.2.AU.2

Liturgical movement, work by Catholic Action, and work by Scripture scholars preceded Council and enabled its implementation.

C6.2.AU.3

Developments in catechesis; understanding the need for both content and formation.

C6.2.AU.4

Call to evangelization—Evangelii Nuntiandi.

C6.2.AU.5

Renewal of the Eastern Churches.

C6.2.AX.1

Fides et Ratio, Evangelium Vitae, Veritatis Splendor.

C6.2.AX.2

Wednesday talks on Genesis—theology of the body.

C6.2.BF.1

French-speaking Catholics—Jesuit explorers, missions, martyrs.

C6.2.BF.2

Spanish-speaking Catholics—Junipero Serra, etc.

C6.2.BF.3

English colonial Catholics—Archbishop John Carroll.

C6.2.BG.1

Second-class citizens; Church supports working class.

C6.2.BG.2

Catholic school and hospital systems—religious orders.

C6.2.BG.3

Parish as center of social life; patriotism gains acceptance.

C6.2.BH.1

Cardinal Gibbons and implementation of the Church teaching on workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.

C6.2.BH.2

Church support of labor unions’ fight for rights of workers.

C6.2.BH.3

The Depression and its effects.

C6.2.BI.1

Establishment of hierarchies.

C6.2.BI.2

Presence today.

C6.2.BJ.1

Rise of parochial schools and education of children and youth.

C6.2.BJ.2

Efforts in higher education; significant percentage of the world’s Catholic colleges and universities are found in the United States.

C6.2.BJ.3

High percentage of university-educated followers helped Catholics become members of middle and upper-middle class.

C6.2.BJ.4

Contribution of Catholic schools in modern urban settings.

C6.2.BK.1

Areas for concern.

C6.2.BK.2

Reasons for hope.

C6.3.A.1

The Church is a source and means of holiness for people because God has made it so. The failures of the Church’s members during her history are lamentable. The virtuous lives of the saints validate the truth and power of the Church’s sacraments and teaching.

C6.3.A.2

Though the members of the Church are prone to sin, the Church herself is sinless and holy.

C6.3.A.3

Despite the sins of her members, including the ordained, the Church is entrusted by God with the truth of the Gospel and the graced means of salvation.

C6.3.A.4

Many members of the Church are also holy and possess a heroic sanctity witnessed to by the countless sacrifices many have made, often to the point of martyrdom.

C6.3.A.5

Pope John Paul II, on various occasions, apologized for the sins of the members of the Church in her history, including for harm caused by the excesses of the Inquisition and atrocities committed during the Crusades.

C6.3.A.6

The historical context in which these events happened: the people of those days dealt differently with threats and problems than we might do so now. They used means that were commonly used in their society then. We cannot judge them as harshly as some people judge them today.

C6.3.B.1

Generally, other churches broke away from the Catholic Church because of some human element such as a disagreement with how beliefs are expressed or explained, or a desire to change forms of worship, or political or personal reasons. While the Church has the fullness of truth, not all her members appropriate and live that fullness of truth.

C6.3.B.2

Other breaks from the Catholic Church were the result of impatience on the part of those who saw a need for reform or a problem they wished to address.

C6.3.B.3

The Catholic Church is committed to seek unity in faith, and she works toward that, but such work for unity cannot compromise the truth of the faith.

C6.1.A.2.a

Inaugurated the Church by preaching Good News.

C6.1.A.2.b

Endowed his community with a structure.

C6.1.A.2.c

Gave the Church totally of himself for our salvation.

C6.1.A.3.a

The events of the first Pentecost.

C6.1.A.3.b

The Holy Spirit’s charisms in Church’s life (1 Cor 12–14).

C6.2.C.2.a

Building of churches for Mass and celebrations of sacraments.

C6.2.C.2.b

Sense of transcendence of God in stately settings.

C6.2.D.2.a

Preaching was a powerful means for catechesis and evangelization.

C6.2.D.2.b

Fathers and doctors of Church include St. Basil, St. Gregory Nazienzen, St. John Chrysostom, St. Athanasius, St. Ephrem, St. Ambrose, St. Jerome, St. Augustine, St. Leo the Great, St. Gregory the Great. (N.B. Lives of saints should be mentioned throughout this course both to show the restoration of faith and hope in times of crisis as well as to illustrate ways of encountering Christ through all periods of Church history.)

C6.2.F.1.a

Creeds and catechesis for Christian instruction.

C6.2.G.2.a

Church was the remaining trusted authority.

C6.2.G.2.b

Helped maintain law and order amid the encroaching invaders.

C6.2.G.2.c

Assisted with protection of civilians and feeding the poor.

C6.2.H.2.a

Brought Christ and Church to northern Europe.

C6.2.H.2.b

Developed agriculture, wool production, vineyards.

C6.2.H.2.c

Stabilized the nomadic tribes and gave birth to towns.

C6.2.H.2.d

Monastic schools promoted education, culture, and classics.

C6.2.R.2.a

Role of grace and good works.

C6.2.R.2.b

Sacrificial character of the Mass (CCC, nos. 1362-1372).

C6.2.R.2.c

Real Presence of Christ in Eucharist— Transubstantiation (CCC, no. 1376).

C6.2.R.2.d

Seminaries and proper formation of priests.

C6.2.R.2.e

A universal catechism.

C6.2.AB.2.a

Council fathers approved document Dei Filius.

C6.2.AB.2.b

Reason can know God—but Revelation is necessary.

C6.2.BK.1.a

Birth control, legalization of abortion.

C6.2.BK.1.b

Priest sex abuse crisis; confidence in Church blurred.

C6.2.BK.1.c

Church attendance and vocations to priesthood and religious life decline.

C6.2.BK.1.d

Rapid secularization of society and breakdown of the family.

C6.2.BK.1.e

Religious illiteracy.

C6.2.BK.2.a

Impact of the papacy of Pope John Paul II— leadership, evangelization.

C6.2.BK.2.b

Pro-life movement—adult stem cell research and benefits.

C6.2.BK.2.c

Regrowth of seminaries and new religious communities.

C6.2.BK.2.d

Influence of the Catechism of the Catholic Church.

C6.2.BK.2.e

Multiple forms of lay leadership—less polarization.

C6.2.BK.2.f

Rise of youth and young adult activities in the Church: World Youth Days.

C6.2.BK.2.g