World History and Geography

Social Studies Practices

Age of Revolution (1750-1850): Students will analyze English efforts to limit the power of monarchs, the Age of Enlightenment, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution and discuss their enduring effects on political expectations for self-government and individual liberty.

The Industrial Revolution (1750s-1900s): Students will analyze the emergence of the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the geographic, economic, political, and social implications of the changes that resulted from it.

Nationalism and Imperialism (1850-1914): Students will analyze patterns of European nationalism and imperialism, including the cultural, geographic, and political effects on colonized regions.

World War I through the Depression (1910s-1930s): Students will analyze the causes and course of World War I, the military, economic, and political effects of the war, and the causes and consequences of the global depression of the 1930s.

Rise of Totalitarianism and World War II (1930s-1945): Students will analyze the rise of fascism and totalitarianism after World War I, the causes and course of World War II, and the military, economic, and political effects of the war.

Cold War (1945-1991): Students will analyze events and changes that resulted from the post-World War II rivalry between communist and democratic governments.

Creation of New States, Decolonization and the Creation of New States (1940s-1980s): Students will analyze the development of new states that resulted from post-World War II decolonization, migration, political change, economic development, and ideological conflict.

Understanding the Contemporary World (1980s- present): Students will analyze the major developments and globalization in the world since the end of the Cold War.

Collect data and information from a variety of primary and secondary sources, including:

Critically examine a primary or secondary source in order to:

Synthesize data from a variety of sources in order to:

Construct and communicate arguments by citing supporting evidence to:

Develop historical awareness by:

Develop geographic awareness by:

Describe the types of kingdoms, leaders, and government systems in major world regions during the 18th century.

Compare major contributions of philosophers and scientists during the Age of Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution, such as:

Identify the major causes (e.g., social, political, economic) of the French Revolution, and trace the evolution of France's government, including Enlightenment political thought, storming of the Bastille, execution of Louis XVI, and the reign of terror.

Explain the geographic, political, and social factors that contributed to the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte’s empire.

Describe social and economic tensions within colonized regions in Latin America.

Explain the global effects of Latin American revolutions, including those in Haiti, Bolivia, Argentina, and Mexico.

Explain how the Agricultural Revolution, mechanization, and the “enclosure movement” led to rapid population growth, rural to urban migration, and the growth of major cities in Europe and North America.

Explain the geographic and economic reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in England, including natural resources, entrepreneurship, labor, and access to capital.

Explain why the diffusion of the Industrial Revolution primarily spread within the Western world.

Describe the geographic scale, trade routes, and conditions of the forced migration of Africans to the Western Hemisphere, including connections between enslaved labor and the growth of industrial economies.

Explain how scientific and technological innovations (e.g., the steam engine, new textile technology, steel processing, medical advances, electricity, and new methods of transportation) led to massive social, economic, cultural, and demographic changes.

Analyze the consequences of industrialism in Europe in terms of:

Compare and contrast the rise of economic theories as a result of industrialization, including capitalism, communism, and socialism.

Define nationalism, and explain how national identity and political geography contributed to the unification of nations such as Germany and Italy.

Describe the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe during this time period.

Define and analyze reasons for imperialism, including competition between empires, cultural justifications, and the search for natural resources and new markets in response to rapid industrialization.

Distinguish the differences between colonies, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic imperialism.

Describe the cultural and political structures throughout the regions of the African continent.

Describe the natural resources and geographic features throughout the regions of the African continent and their impacts on global trade.

Analyze the outcomes of the Berlin Conference and the impact of superimposed boundaries on African indigenous populations, and compare the geographic progression of imperialistic claims on the African continent by European empires.

Describe the various strategies and outcomes of African resistance to European imperialism (e.g., Ethiopia, Zulu Wars, Ashanti Wars).

Describe cultural, political, and economic structures throughout the regions of the subcontinent of India.

Explain why India was important to the British empire, including role of the Suez Canal.

Describe cultural, political, and economic structures throughout regions of China.

Explain why China was important to western powers, including the Opium Wars and the Boxer Rebellion.

Describe the cultural, economic, and political context of Japan, including the role of isolationism and its rise as an imperial power in the late 19th century.

Describe cultural, political, and economic structures throughout the regions of Central and South America.

Explain why Central and South America were important to western powers.

Define cultural diffusion, and describe how imperialism facilitates cultural diffusion.

Explain how the rise of militarism, alliances, imperialistic rivalry, and growing nationalism led to the outbreak of World War I triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Describe how trench warfare, the resulting stalemate, war of attrition, and advances in weaponry (e.g., chemical weapons, machine guns, submarines, tanks) affected the course and outcome of World War I.

Explain how battles of World War I (e.g., Marne and Somme) illustrate the scope of the war, and describe the impact on European colonies around the world.

Explain why Russia exited and the United States entered World War I, and describe the effects.

Identify the causes and consequences of the Bolshevik Revolution and Russian Civil War.

Define total war, and describe its immediate and lasting effects on European civilian populations, including:

Describe the effects of World War I, including the significance of:

Analyze the aims and negotiating roles of world leaders at the Paris Peace Conference and their impact on Germany, the League of Nations, and the creation of new states and the Mandate System.

Describe the cultural and economic trends of the 1920s.

Describe the collapse of international economies in 1929 that led to the Great Depression, including the significance of:

Explain how economic instability, nationalism, and political disillusionment in Germany, Italy, Japan led to the rise of totalitarian regimes.

Compare and contrast the rise to power, goals, and characteristics of Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Joseph Stalin’s totalitarian regimes.

Analyze the role of geographic features and regional conflicts (i.e., Spanish Civil War) in increasing tensions prior to World War II.

Describe efforts to expand empires in the 1930s, including:

Explain the role of military alliances, appeasement, isolationism, and the domestic distractions in Europe and the United States prior to the outbreak of World War II.

Describe the European theatre of war during World War II, including:

Describe the Pacific theatre of war during World War II, including:

Describe the roles of leaders during World War II, including the significance of:

Describe the persecution of Jews and other targeted groups in Europe leading up to World War II, and explain why many people were unable to leave and their efforts to resist persecution.

Explain the state-sponsored mass murder of targeted groups (e.g., Hitler’s Final Solution to the Jewish Question) in Nazi-controlled lands, and describe the varied experiences of Holocaust survivors and victims.

Explain the decisions made in the Atlantic Charter and at the Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam Conferences.

Describe the development of atomic bombs, and evaluate both the decisions to use them and the impact of their use.

Describe the cultural, economic, geographic, and political effects of World War II, including:

Explain the nature of reconstruction in Europe and Asia after 1945, including the influence of the United States

Explain the origins and significance of the United Nations establishment of the State of Israel, and describe the reactions by surrounding Arab countries.

Describe the economic and military power shift at the end of World War II, including rising tensions between the Soviet Union and former Allied Powers.

Analyze the rise of communism and Mao Zedong in China, as well as the related political, social, and economic impacts on China.

Summarize the functions of the Warsaw Pact and NATO, including their roles in organizing post-war Europe.

Describe methods of Soviet control in Eastern Europe and the role of Berlin as a focal point in escalating Cold War tensions.

Explain the role of the nuclear arms race, mutual assured destruction, and arms control agreements within the context of rising tensions between the Soviet Union and United States (e.g., Cuban Missile Crisis).

Describe examples of national uprisings against the Soviet Union (e.g., Hungary and Czechoslovakia), and explain why they were unsuccessful.

Describe the competition in Asia between the Soviet Union and United States, including the wars in Korea and Vietnam as examples of proxy wars.

Explain reasonsfor the rapid decline of communist systems, including:

Analyze the political, economic, social, and geographic consequences of the collapse of communist governments and restructure of nation states in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (e.g., Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Armenia).

Explain the causes and effects of German reunification on both West and East Germany.

Describe how competing national, ethnic, and religious interests led to conflict and the establishment of new countries in the Balkans.

Explain the reasons for and the effects of the partition of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947.

Explain the factors that led to the creation of a lasting democratic government in India as well as the roles of political leaders (e.g., Mohandas Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi).

Describe the development, goals, and outcomes of nationalist movements in Africa, including the ideas and roles of nationalist leaders (e.g., Jomo Kenyatta, Patrice Lumumba, and Gamal Abdel Nasser).

Explain the fight against and dismantling of the apartheid system in South Africa, including the roles of Nelson and Winnie Mandela and the African National Congress.

Analyze the political, economic, ethnic, geographic (i.e., boundaries and features) and military challenges faced by newly-created countries in post-imperial Africa (e.g., civil war, genocide, corruption).

Explain how ideological conflicts between capitalism and communism led to armed insurgencies, revolutions, and military dictatorships in Latin American nations, including Argentina, Colombia, Cuba, and Nicaragua.

Analyze the ongoing Arab-Israeli Conflict and the peace processes in the Middle East, including Camp David Accords.

Compare and contrast the causes and effects of modern genocide, including in Cambodia, Rwanda, and the former Yugoslavia.

Describe significant economic development in the contemporary world, such as:

Describe patterns of globalization and its impact in the contemporary world, such as:

Describe significant social and political issues in the contemporary world, such as:

Printed materials

Graphic representations

Field observations/Landscape analysis

Artifacts

Media and technology sources

Oral History

Extract, summarize, and paraphrase significant ideas and relevant information

Discern differences between evidence and assertion

Recognize the significance of author’s purpose, point of view, and bias

Draw logical inferences and conclusions

Assess the strengths and limitations of arguments

Establish accuracy and validity by comparing sources to each other

Recognize disparities among multiple accounts

Frame appropriate questions for further investigation

Demonstrate and defend an understanding of ideas

Compare and contrast viewpoints

Illustrate cause and effect

Predict likely outcomes

Devise new outcomes or solutions

Engage in appropriate civic discourse

Recognizing how and why historical accounts change over time

Perceiving and presenting past events and issues as they might have been experienced by the people of the time, with historical empathy vs. present- mindedness

Evaluating how unique circumstances of time and place create context and contribute to action and reaction

Identifying patterns of continuity and change over time, making connections to the present

Analyzing and determining the use of diverse types of maps based on the origin, authority, structure, context, and validity

Using the geographic perspective to analyze relationships, patterns, and diffusion across space at multiple scales

Analyzing locations, conditions, and connections of places and using maps to investigate spatial associations among phenomena

Examining how geographers use regions and how perceptions of regions are fluid across time and space

Analyzing interaction between humans and the physical environment

Sir Francis Bacon

Cesare Beccaria

Galileo Galilei

Johannes Kepler

John Locke

Charles-Louis de Montesquieu

Isaac Newton

Jean-Jacques Rosseau

Mary Wollstonecraft

Social benefits (e.g., increases in productivity and life expectancy)

Social costs(e.g., harsh working and living conditions, pollution, child labor, and income inequality)

Attempts to address these costs (e.g., political reform, urban planning, philanthropy, labor unions, education reform, and public health and sanitation)

Food shortages

Industrial production of war materials

Naval/submarine blockades

Women’s involvement in the war

Armenian genocide

Collapse of major empires

Economic losses

Loss of human life

Movement of populations

Shellshock (i.e., PTSD)

Spread of disease

Inflation

Overproduction

Post-war economic relationships between the United States and Europe

Restrictive trade policies

Unemployment

Italian invasion of Ethiopia

German militarism

Japanese invasion and atrocities in China

Geography

Key Military Leaders

Major Battles

Technology

Wartime Strategies

Geography

Key Military Leaders

Major Battles

Technology

Wartime Strategies

Winston Churchill

Adolf Hitler

Benito Mussolini

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Joseph Stalin

Hideki Tojo

Harry S. Truman

Casualties of the war (military and civilian)

Changes to geopolitical boundaries

Cordell Hull’s involvement in the creation of the United Nations

Destruction of cultural heritage

Division of Germany

The Nuremberg trials

Refugees and displaced populations

Chernobyl nuclear disaster

Economic inefficiency

Fall of the Berlin Wall

Mass protests in Eastern Europe and China

Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms

Soviet coup d’etat of 1991

Unsustainable military spending

Influence of trade organizations (e.g., NAFTA, OPEC)

Influence of technology (e.g., GIS, GPS)

Impact of a global economy

Influence of supranational organizations (e.g., UN, G-7)

Population change (e.g., growth, decline, control)

Resurgence of tribalism

Human Trafficking

Military Conflicts (e.g., Bosnia, Terrorism)

Territorial Disputes (e.g., Arab-Israeli Conflict)

Global terrorism