Grades 9, 10, 11, 12

Social Studies Practices

African American History

Ancient History

Contemporary Issues

Economics

Psychology

Sociology

Tennessee History

United States Government And Civics

United States History And Geography

World Geography

World History And Geography

Collect data and information from a variety of primary and secondary sources, including:<ul><li>Printed materials (e.g., literary texts, newspapers, autobiographies, speeches, interviews, letters, personal journals)</li><li>Graphic representations (e.g., maps, timelines, charts, political cartoons, photographs, artwork)</li><li>Field observations/landscape analysis</li><li>Artifacts</li><li>Media and technology sources</li></ul>

Critically examine a primary or secondary source in order to:<ul><li>Extract and paraphrase significant ideas</li><li>Discern differences between evidence and assertion</li><li>Draw inferences and conclusions</li><li>Recognize author's purpose, point of view, and potential bias</li><li>Assess the strengths and limitations of arguments</li></ul>

Synthesize data from a variety of sources in order to:<ul><li>Establish accuracy and validity by comparing sources to each other</li><li>Recognize disparities among multiple accounts</li><li>Frame appropriate questions for further investigation</li></ul>

Construct and communicate arguments citing supporting evidence to: <ul><li>Demonstrate and defend an understanding of ideas</li> <li>Compare and contrast viewpoints</li> <li>Illustrate cause and effect</li> <li>Predict likely outcomes</li> <li>Devise new outcomes or solutions</li></ul>

Develop historical awareness by:<ul><li>Recognizing how and why historical accounts change over time</li> <li>Perceiving and presenting past events and issues as they might have been experienced by the people of the time, with historical empathy rather than present-mindedness</li><li>Evaluating how unique circumstances of time and place create context and contribute to action and reaction</li> <li>Identifying patterns of continuity and change over time, making connections to the present</li></ul>

Develop geographic awareness by:<ul><li>Using the geographic perspective to analyze relationships, patterns, and diffusion across space at multiple scales (e.g., local, national, global)</li> <li>Analyzing and determining the use of diverse types of maps based on the origin, authority, structure, context, and validity</li> <li>Analyzing locations, conditions, and connections of places and using maps to investigate spatial associations among phenomena</li> <li>Examining how geographers use regions and how perceptions of regions are fluid across time and space</li> <li>Analyzing interaction between humans and the physical environment</li></ul>

The Beginnings of Slavery and the Slave Trade (pre-1619)

African American Life Prior to the Civil War (1619-1860)

African Americans during the Civil War and Reconstruction (1861-1890s)

African American Life after Emancipation through World War I (1890s-1920s)

African Americans and the Harlem Renaissance (1920s-1930s)

African American Life during the Great Depression and World War II (1930s-1940s)

The Modern Civil Rights Movement (1950s-1960s)

African American Issues in Contemporary Times (1970s-present)

Human Origins and Early Civilizations: Prehistory to 1000 BCE

Early Civilizations and the Rise of Religious Traditions: 1000 BCE-500 CE

The Classical Civilizations of Greece and Rome: 1000-500 BCE

Post-Classical Civilizations: 300-1000 CE

Regional Interactions: 1000-1500 CE

Geography

History

Politics

Culture

Scarcity and Economic Reasoning

Supply and Demand

Market Structures

The Role of Government

National Economic Performance

Trade

Research Methods, Measurement, and Statistics

Biological Bases of Behavior

Sensation & Perception

Consciousness

Lifespan Development

Social Interactions

Sociocultural Diversity

Learning, Memory, and Intelligence

Psychological Disorders

The Sociological Point of View

The Role of Culture in Society

Functions and Structures of Social Institutions

Self, Groups, Socialization, and Deviance

Stratification and Social Inequality

Indigenous Peoples of Tennessee (c. 10,000-1,000 BCE)

The Struggle for Tennessee's Frontier (1600s-1700s)

From Territory to Statehood (1784-1796)

Tennessee's Coming of Age (1796-1812)

Tennessee's Golden Age (1800-1860)

Tennessee: A Time of Troubles (1860-1865)

Tennessee during Reconstruction (1865-1880)

Tennessee in the New South (1880-1890s)

Tennessee: Reform and War (1900-1945)

Tennessee in Modern Times (1945-present)

Foundations of Constitutional Government

The Legislative Branch

The Executive Branch

The Judicial Branch

Civil Liberties

Tennessee State and Local Government

Citizen Participation

The Rise of Industrialization (1877-1900)

The Progressive Era (1890-1920)

Imperialism and World War I (1890-1920)

The 1920s (1920-1929)

The Great Depression and New Deal (1929-1941)

World War II (1936-1945)

Cold War (1947-1991)

A Nation in Transition (1950s-1963)

Civil Rights Movement (1950s-1960s)

The Modern United States (1960s-present)

Geographic Skills and Tools

Physical Process, Natural Resources, and the Environment

Cultural Geography

Political Geography

Population and Migration

Economic Development and Interdependence

Urbanization

Age of Revolution (1750-1850)

The Industrial Revolution (1750s-1900s)

Nationalism and Imperialism (1850-1914)

World War I through the Depression (1910s-1930s)

Rise of Totalitarianism and World War II (1930s-1945)

Cold War (1945-1991)

Creation of New States and Decolonization (1940s-1980s)

Understanding the Contemporary World (1980s- present)

Analyze the economic, political, and social reasons for focusing the slave trade on Africa, including the roles of: Africans, Europeans, and colonists.

Analyze the role of geography on the growth and development of slavery.

Assess the impact of the slave trade on West Africa and North American colonies.

Explain why the Middle Passage is considered to be one of the largest forced migrations in human history.

Analyze the economic, social, religious, and legal justifications for the establishment and continuation of slavery.

Describe the varied experiences of free blacks in colonial America.

Identify the various ways Africans in the U.S. resisted slavery as well as their ability to buy their freedom.

Analyze the role slavery played in the development of nationalism and sectionalism, including the fugitive slave laws.

Assess the development of the abolitionist movement and its impact on slavery and the nation, including the efforts of:<ul><li>American Colonial Society</li><li>Frederick Douglass</li><li>Ralph Waldo Emerson</li><li>William Lloyd Garrison</li><li>Sojourner Truth</li><li>Harriet Tubman</li></ul>

Explain the Underground Railroad, and assess its impact on slavery in the U.S.

Compare and contrast African American communities in the North and South, with emphasis on those in rural and urban areas.

Describe and analyze various experiences of African American families in the Antebellum U.S.

Describe the development of African American institutions, such as religion, education, and benevolent organizations, during this era.

Identify and explain contributions to science and the arts from African Americans during this era.

Describe President Abraham Lincoln's evolving views on slavery.

Describe the changing status of slaves, freed slaves, and free blacks during and after the Civil War.

Identify and explain the roles of African American soldiers, spies, and slaves in the war effort in both the North and the South, including the 54th Massachusetts Regiment and the 13th U.S. Colored Troops.

Identify reasons for and effects of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments on African Americans.

Analyze the effects of Reconstruction on the legal, political, social, cultural, educational, and economic life of freedmen.

Assess the successes and failures of Reconstruction as they relate to African Americans.

Assess the economic and social impact of Jim Crow laws on African Americans.

Analyze the legal ramifications of segregation laws and court decisions (e.g., Plessy v. Ferguson) on American society.

Compare and contrast organized responses to Jim Crow laws (e.g., the Niagara Movement, the NAACP, the Urban League, the Atlanta compromise, the Farmers' Alliance, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, and the anti-lynching crusade).

Identify influential African Americans of the time period, and analyze their impact on American and Tennessee society (e.g., Robert R. Church, Samuel McElwee, Randolph Miller, James Napier, Ida B. Wells).

Describe the progress of African American institutions, such as religion, education, and benevolent organizations, during this era.

Describe the economic, cultural, political, and social impact of African American migration within and from the South (e.g., Exodusters, Benjamin "Pap" Singleton, First Great Migration).

Identify the achievements of African American inventors and entrepreneurs of the period (e.g., George Washington Carver, Garrett Morgan, Madam C.J. Walker).

Describe the impact of African American regiments on the western campaigns, the Spanish-American War, and World War I.

Describe the African American experience during and after World War I (e.g., economic opportunities, Second Great Migration, resurgence of Ku Klux Klan, etc.).

Identify literary contributions made by African Americans during this era (e.g., Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston).

Describe the contributions of African Americans to the performing arts during this era (e.g., DeFord Bailey, Duke Ellington, Fisk Jubilee Singers, W.C. Handy, James Weldon Johnson, John Work III).

Describe the contributions of African Americans to the visual arts during this era, including the work of William Edmondson.

Analyze the influence of the Harlem Renaissance on American culture.

Analyze the impact of the Great Depression and the New Deal on the lives of African Americans.

Describe highlights of African American culture of the 1930s and 1940s (e.g., Satchel Page and Negro league baseball, Cab Calloway, Mississippi Delta blues musicians).

Identify the contributions of African Americans who served in the military, and compare their experiences to other Americans who served in World War II.

Describe the experience of African Americans at home during and after World War II.

Explain how World War II laid the groundwork for the modern Civil Rights Movement (e.g., President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Executive Order 8802, CORE, President Harry S. Truman's integration of the military, Columbia Race Riots, etc.).

Explain how legal victories prior to 1954 inspired and propelled the Civil Rights Movement.

Describe the impact of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, and evaluate the resistance to the decision and the reactions that followed.

Describe various methods employed by African Americans to obtain civil rights.

Summarize the Civil Rights Movement in Tennessee, including: the integration of Clinton High School, sit-ins in Nashville, and the activities of Diane Nash and Jim Lawson.

Identify various organizations and their roles in the Civil Rights Movement (e.g., Black Panthers, Highlander Folk School, SNCC, etc.).

Identify legal victories of the Civil Rights Movement (e.g., Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, 24th Amendment).

Assess the extent to which the Civil Rights Movement transformed American politics and society.

Discuss the impact of the Vietnam War on the Civil Rights Movement.

Identify and analyze how the changing political environment has impacted civil rights.

Describe how African Americans have responded to or engaged in political conservatism.

Compare and contrast the responses of African Americans to the economic, social, and political challenges in the contemporary U.S.

Identify and evaluate major contemporary African American issues confronting society (e.g., affirmative action, educational achievement gap, wealth gap, poverty, AIDS, drug epidemic, crime).

Analyze the impact of immigration and migration on the lives of African Americans in the contemporary U.S.

Identify the major contributions of contemporary African Americans in business, education, the arts, politics, sports, science, technology, and society in general, including those of:<ul><li>President Barack Obama</li><li>Condoleezza Rice</li><li>Wilma Rudolph</li><li>Tina Turner</li><li>Oprah Winfrey</li></ul>

Explain the human-environment interaction on hunter-gatherer societies.

List characteristics typical of hunter-gatherer societies, including their use of tools and fire.

Describe how the domestication of plants and animals gave rise to stable communities.

Explain how archaeology and new technologies (e.g., 3D imaging and dating tools) inform our understanding of the past.

Compare and contrast the rise of early civilizations (e.g., China, Egypt, Indus River Valley, Mesopotamia) in terms of social, political, and economic development.

Describe the origins and central features of Hinduism and its distinctions from other early religious traditions:<ul><li>Key Person(s): origins in Aryan traditions</li><li>Sacred Texts: The Vedas</li><li>Basic Beliefs: dharma, karma, reincarnation, and moksha</li></ul>

Describe the origins and central features of Judaism and its distinctions from other early religious traditions:<ul><li>Key Person(s): Abraham, Moses</li><li>Sacred Texts: The Tanakh (Hebrew Bible)</li><li>Basic Beliefs: monotheism, Ten Commandments, emphasis on individual worth and personal responsibility</li></ul>

Describe the diffusion of Judaism, and analyze its religious, social, and legal contributions.

Describe the origins and central features of Zoroastrianism:<ul><li>Key Person(s): Zoroaster</li><li>Sacred Texts: the Avesta</li><li>Basic Beliefs: monotheism, dualism, and humanity</li></ul>

Describe the characteristics of early civilizations in Persia, including the impact of Zoroastrianism.

Describe the characteristics of early American civilizations, with emphasis on the Mayans and Olmecs, in terms of geography, society, economy, and religion.

Describe the origins and central features of Shintoism:<ul><li>Key Person(s): No singular founder</li><li>Sacred Texts: No sacred text</li><li>Basic Beliefs: localized tradition that focuses on ritual practices that are carried out with discipline to maintain connections with ancient past; animism</li></ul>

Describe the origins and central features of Buddhism:<ul><li>Key Person(s): Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)</li><li>Sacred Texts: Tripitaka</li><li>Basic Beliefs: Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, Nirvana</li></ul>

Describe the characteristics of early civilizations in Japan, with emphasis on the impact of Shinto and Buddhist traditions and the influence of Chinese culture.

Describe the characteristics of early civilizations in China, with emphasis on the development of an empire, the construction of the Great Wall, and the Han Dynasty.

Compare and contrast the impact of eastern religions (e.g., Confucianism, Taoism) on cultural traditions and social relationships.

Describe the characteristics of early civilizations in India, with emphasis on the Aryan migrations and the caste system.

Describe the geographic, social, economic, and religious characteristics of the ancient African civilization of Axum, including its replacing Kush.

Analyze the role geography played in the rise of Greek city-states, including their political and economic interactions.

Describe early Greek society, with an emphasis on social classes, cultural traditions, and religious beliefs.

Compare and contrast the city-states of Athens and Sparta, explaining social structures, the significance of citizenship, and rise of early democracy.

Evaluate the significance of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars.

Explain the conquest of Greece by Macedonia and the formation and spread of Hellenistic culture by Alexander the Great.

Identify the significant developments and contributions of Greece to the following:<ul><li>Architecture</li><li>Art/Drama</li><li>History</li><li>Language</li><li>Law</li><li>Literature/Poetry</li><li>Medicine</li><li>Philosophy</li><li>Religious institutions</li><li>Science</li><li>Technology</li></ul>

Analyze the role and influence of geography on Roman economic, social, and political development.

Explain the social and political structures of the Roman Republic, including: the role of slavery, significance of citizenship, and development of democratic features in the government.

Explain the rise of the Roman military and impacts of its conquests on political affairs, the economy, social structures, and spread of Roman culture.

Assess the roles of Julius and Augustus Caesar in the collapse of the Roman Republic and the rise of imperial monarchs.

Explain the economic, social, and political impact of the Pax Romana.

Describe the origins, central features, and diffusion of Christianity:<ul><li>Key Person(s): Jesus, Paul</li><li>Sacred Texts: The Bible</li><li>Basic Beliefs: monotheism, sin and forgiveness, eternal life, Jesus as the Messiah</li></ul>

Explain the development and significance of the Christian Church in the late Roman Empire.

Identify the significant developments and contributions of Rome to the following:<ul><li>Architecture</li><li>Art/Drama</li><li>History</li><li>Language</li><li>Law</li><li>Literature/Poetry</li><li>Medicine</li><li>Philosophy</li><li>Religious institutions</li><li>Science</li><li>Technology</li></ul>

Discuss the reasons for the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Explain the reasons for the establishment of Constantinople as the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Describe the contributions of Justinian (e.g., the codification of Roman law) and the economic and political expansion of the Byzantine Empire.

Compare and contrast Byzantine art and architecture with previous Greek and Roman traditions.

Explain disputes that led to the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church.

Analyze the Golden Age of India under the Gupta Empire.

Describe the origins, central features, and diffusion of Islam:<ul><li>Key Person(s): Mohammad</li><li>Sacred Texts: The Quran and The Sunnah</li><li>Basic Beliefs: monotheism, Five Pillars</li></ul>

Analyze the role geography played in the economic, social, and political development of Islamic civilizations.

Identify historical turning points that affected the diffusion and influence of Islam, with emphasis on the Sunni-Shi'a division and Battle of Tours.

Describe cultural and scientific contributions and achievements of Islamic civilizations.

Explain how the diffusion of Christianity throughout Europe influenced its development after the decline of the Roman Empire.

Explain the structure of feudal society and its economic, social, and political effects.

Explain the rise of Frankish kings, the Age of Charlemagne, and the revival of the idea of the Roman Empire.

Examine the invasions, settlements, and patterns of interaction of migratory groups, including: Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings.

Describe the characteristics of civilizations in the Americas, with emphasis on the Maya and Incans, in terms of geography, society, economy, and religion.

Describe the characteristics of the continuation of civilizations in Africa, with emphasis on Axum, Ghana, and Mali, in terms of geography, society, economy/trade, and religion.

Describe the development of monarchies (e.g., England, France, Russia, and Spain) as foundations for the later emergence of nation-states.

Analyze the causes, experiences, and consequences of the Crusades during the medieval period.

Explain later conflicts in the Eurasian region, with emphasis on the Mongol conquests, the Hundred Years War, and the fall of Constantinople.

Identify patterns of crisis and recovery related to the Black Death (i.e., Bubonic Plague).

Describe social, political, and religious developments in the later medieval period (e.g., Magna Carta, decline of feudalism, and church-state conflicts).

Describe how preservation and integration of Greek, Roman, Chinese, and Arabic knowledge influenced developments in Western Europe (e.g., philosophy, medicine, and technology).

Explain the rise of Italian city-states and their political development, including Niccolo Machiavelli's theory of governing as described in The Prince.

Examine how economic growth in the Italian city-states enabled patronage for the arts.

Describe how Renaissance art, literature, and philosophy (e.g., Petrarch) differed from those in the medieval period.

Compare and contrast the Italian and the Northern Renaissances, citing the contributions of writers and artists.

Describe how economic and technological advances led to networks of trade and cultural interactions between major European civilizations.

Explain the five themes of geography (i.e., location, place, human environment and interaction, movement, region).

Locate world regions, and explain how location affects events (e.g., climate, place, resources, globalization, urbanization, cultural diffusion, etc.).

Analyze how cultural characteristics (e.g., language, religion, ethnicity, gender roles) link, divide, and/or define regions.

Explain and analyze reasons and methods for the creation of different political divisions (e.g., state, nation-state, federal states, electoral districts, multi-national organizations, etc.).

Explain how technology and globalization shape new methods of human interaction.

Identify how geography shapes culture, economics, politics, and history.

Analyze the relationship between historical facts and historical interpretation.

Analyze how causal factors (e.g., cultural differences, boundary disputes, imperialism, and religious conflicts) fostered past and current conflicts.

Analyze the causes and effects of extremism, and identify the historical roots of terrorist attacks (e.g., PLO, IRA, Al-Qaeda, Taliban, ISIS, the Black Hand, KKK, etc.).

Describe the relationship and causal factors between historic events and contemporary issues (e.g., 2011 Japanese earthquake, Chernobyl, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Great Chicago Fire, world epidemics).

Analyze the lasting impact of history on contemporary issues (e.g., Treaty of Versailles, Cold War, ethnic cleansing, urbanization, human rights, immigration, modern medicine, etc.).

Describe the protections offered by the Bill of Rights and their changing interpretations within American society.

Compare and contrast American civil liberties and protections, as defined by the Bill of Rights, to those of other nations.

Examine factors that influence elections, such as political ideologies, media technologies, social media, societal movements, and other factors.

Compare and contrast current economic issues, such as wealth disparity, trade imbalances, developed and developing nations, and over-consumption.

Discuss the evolving role of the U.S. in international affairs.

Analyze the political implications of terrorism for American public policy.

Compare and contrast world religions (e.g., Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Sikhism), and analyze how they complement or conflict with each other in the contemporary world.

Analyze the changing role of media and technology on the spread of information and the effects on global culture.

Compare and contrast folk and/or traditional culture with popular culture, and analyze efforts to preserve folk culture amid the spread of popular culture.

Analyze language's role in defining national identity and culture, and examine the role of English as a lingua franca.

Explain multiculturalism, and analyze trends in acculturation and assimilation.

Analyze types, patterns, and attitudes regarding discrimination.

Identify public health efforts, and explain their effects in the U.S. and around the world today (e.g., sanitation, vaccinations, birth and death rates, disease prevention, pandemic research).

Analyze changes in global relationships in the post-9/11 world.

Identify and explain groups and individuals involved in current U.S. and Tennessee issues.

Identify and explain groups and individuals involved in current global issues.

Explain how consumers and producers confront the condition of scarcity by making choices that involve opportunity costs and tradeoffs.

Define land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship, and explain why they are necessary for the production of goods and services.

Explain reasons for voluntary exchange, including positive and negative incentives.

Describe the basic characteristics and explain the functions of money, including its role as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account.

Compare and contrast how the various modern economic systems (i.e., market, command, mixed) attempt to answer the following questions: What to produce? How to produce it? To produce it for whom?

Use a production possibilities curve to explain the concepts of:<ul><li>Choice</li><li>Growth</li><li>Opportunity cost</li><li>Productivity</li><li>Scarcity</li><li>Tradeoffs</li><li>Unemployment</li></ul>

Compare and contrast the theoretical principles of capitalism, socialism, and communism, as expressed through theorists such as Adam Smith and Karl Marx

Identify and explain the following broad goals of economic policy:<ul><li>Efficiency</li><li>Equity</li><li>Freedom</li><li>Full employment</li><li>Growth</li><li>Price stability</li><li>Security</li></ul>

Define supply and demand, provide relevant examples, and consider ceteris paribus (i.e., all things being equal).

Identify factors that cause changes in market supply and demand.

Use concepts of price elasticity of demand and supply to explain and predict changes in quantity as prices fluctuate.

Define market equilibrium, and explain how supply and demand guide prices towards equilibrium to avoid surpluses or shortages.

Describe how supply and demand determine equilibrium price, and graph examples on a curve.

Describe causes of shortages and surpluses.

Analyze effects of shortages and surpluses on supply and demand.

Compare and contrast the following forms of business organization: sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation.

Explain the function of profit in a market economy as an incentive for entrepreneurs to accept the risks of business failure.

Define stock, and describe the connections between capital, stock markets, banks, and the economy.

Analyze the various ways and reasons that firms grow either through reinvestment of financial capital or through horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate mergers.

Summarize the role and historical impact of economic institutions (such as labor unions, multinationals, and nonprofit organizations) within market economies.

Identify the basic characteristics of monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, and perfect competition.

Explain how competition impacts pricing and production in market structures.

Identify laws and regulations adopted in the U.S. to promote competition among firms.

Explain ways that firms engage in price and non-price competition.

Describe the characteristics of natural monopolies and the purposes of government regulation of these monopolies (such as utilities).

Demonstrate how firms with market power can determine price and output.

Explore the roles that research and development, equipment and technology, and the training of workers have in increasing productivity.

Describe potential factors that influence the earnings of workers.

Describe methods of revenue (e.g., taxes and bonds) for governments, and explain ways that they allocate funds.

Analyze reasons that government deficits, debts, and surpluses are accrued, and compare and contrast government budgets with personal budgets.

Define progressive, proportional, and regressive taxation, and discuss how federal, state, and local governments utilize them.

Analyze economic costs and benefits of government policies (e.g., Social Security, Medicare, earned income credits, military expenditures, and public education).

Explore potential national debt management strategies, considering their feasibility and implications.

Describe the purpose, role, and function of the Federal Reserve.

Define fiscal and monetary policy, and explain how the government uses these in its efforts to influence the economy.

Explain how price stability, full employment, and economic growth influence fiscal and monetary policy making.

Compare the various schools of thought on governmental intervention in the economy, including: classical (Adam Smith), demand-siders (John Maynard Keynes), the Austrian school (Friedrich Hayek), supply-siders (Arthur Laffer), and Monetarists (Milton Friedman).

Analyze how governments intend to incentivize entrepreneurs through policies (e.g., tax, regulatory, education, research support policies, patents, and copyrights).

Define gross domestic product (GDP), economic growth, unemployment, and inflation, and explain how they are calculated.

Define externalities, and identify examples of them.

Identify the different causes of inflation, and analyze inflation's impact.

Explain the role of banks and other financial institutions in the U.S. economy.

Differentiate between different types of unemployment (e.g., structural, functional, seasonal, underemployment, and cyclical).

Describe the impact of investment and consumer debt as it relates to the national economy.

Explain the benefits of trade among individuals, regions, and countries.

Define and distinguish between absolute and comparative advantage, and explain how most trade occurs because of a comparative advantage.

Describe causes and consequences of trade barriers (e.g., quotas, tariffs, and subsidies) on consumers and producers.

Define trade deficit, and identify reasons why trade deficits exist.

Explain how changes in exchange rates impact the purchasing power of people in the U.S. and other countries.

Evaluate the arguments for and against free trade.

Describe the scientific method and its role in psychology.

Describe and compare a variety of quantitative and qualitative research methods, including:<ul><li>Correlations</li><li>Experiments</li><li>Focus groups</li><li>Interviews</li><li>Narratives</li><li>Surveys</li></ul>

Explain systematic procedures used to improve the validity of research findings, including external validity.

Describe how and why psychologists use animal subjects in research, and identify ethical guidelines to follow in performing this type of research.

Identify ethical standards psychologists must follow regarding research with human participants.

Explain descriptive statistics and qualitative data and how they are used by psychological scientists.

Define correlation coefficients, and explain their appropriate interpretation.

Interpret graphical representations of data, as used in both quantitative and qualitative methods, and explain other statistical concepts, such as statistical significance and effect size.

Explain how validity and reliability of observation and measurements relate to data analysis.

Identify and describe the major structures of the brain.

Identify and describe the methodology, including the tools, used to study the brain.

Identify and discuss the functions of the central nervous system.

Discuss issues related to scientific advances in neuroscience and genetics.

Identify and describe the structure and function of the endocrine system and its impact on human behavior, including hormonal effects on the immune system.

Describe the interactive effects of heredity and environment.

Describe and discuss the role of genetics in human behavior.

Discuss the interaction between the processes of sensation and perception.

Describe the auditory sensory and visual sensory systems.

Describe other sensory systems (including olfaction and gustation), and identify skin senses, kinesthesis, and vestibular sense.

Explain Gestalt's principles of perception.

Explain how experiences and expectations influence perception.

Describe the relationship between conscious and unconscious processes.

Describe the circadian rhythm and its relation to sleep.

Explain the functions of sleep and dreams.

Identify types of sleep disorders and methods of treatment.

Explain how culture and expectations influence the use of drugs, including psychoactive drugs and their effects.

Describe the use of hypnosis, meditation, and relaxation techniques, including the effects of each.

Explain the interaction between environmental and biological factors in lifespan development, including the role of the brain in all aspects of development.

Distinguish methods used to study lifespan development.

Identify cognitive, moral, and social development theories.

Describe physical development from conception through birth, and identify influences on prenatal development.

Describe the physical, motor, and perceptual development of infants.

Describe the physical, motor, and cognitive development of children.

Describe the physical, motor, cognitive, and moral changes that occur during adolescence.

Describe the major physical, cognitive, and social changes that accompany adulthood and aging.

Explain how nature and nurture influence human growth and development.

Examine issues related to the end of life.

Describe the relationship between attitudes (implicit and explicit) and behavior, including attributes associated with different types of behavior.

Describe the situational effects and group dynamics associated with individual behavior, including how an individual can influence group norms.

Examine the nature and effects of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination.

Identify influences on aggression and conflict.

Examine factors that influence attraction and relationships.

Define culture and diversity.

Examine cultural change, including variations within and across nations, and consider the following factors using psychological research: gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and societal norms.

Explain how social power structures relate to stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.

Examine how perspectives influence stereotypes and the treatment of minority and majority groups in society.

Interpret psychological research to examine differences in individual, cognitive, and physical abilities.

Explain the process of learning, including principles of operant and classical conditioning as well as methods of observation.

Describe the differences between learning, reflexes, and fixed-action patterns.

Describe the processes of memory, including encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Identify the types of memory, and describe memory disorders, including amnesias and dementias.

Describe the factors that influence how memories are retrieved and strategies for improving the retrieval of memories.

Describe the cognitive processes involved in understanding information.

Define processes involved in problem-solving and decision-making.

Discuss intelligence as a general factor in examining human growth and development.

Identify current methods of assessing human abilities, including the role of reliability and validity in determining appropriate assessments.

Discuss the influences of biological, cultural, and environmental factors on intelligence.

Describe and discuss psychologically abnormal behavior, and examine how the stigma impacts relationships.

Describe historical and cross-cultural views of abnormality and major models of abnormality.

Analyze the impact of psychological disorders on the individual, family, and society.

Describe the availability of treatment for psychological disorders and the impact of treatment options on society.

Define sociology as a field of study, and describe its origins.

Compare and contrast sociology with other social sciences.

Explain how hypothesis testing is applied in sociology, including the concepts of dependent and independent variables.

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of major methods of sociological research (i.e., surveys and interviews, experiments, observations, content analysis, etc.).

Differentiate among various sociological perspectives or theories on social life (i.e., functionalist perspective, conflict theory, symbolic interaction, etc.).

Evaluate various ethical issues in the study of sociology (e.g., confidentiality, consent, anonymity, and risk of harm).

Describe components of culture (e.g., nonmaterial culture, norms and values, material culture, subcultures, etc.).

Explain how the various components of culture form a whole culture.

Define and give examples of cultural norms (e.g., folkways, morality, taboos, laws, social expectations, manners, etc.).

Compare and contrast various cultures of the world.

Explain how language reflects and transmits culture (e.g., code switching, slang, regional differences, etc.).

Analyze how culture influences individuals (e.g., ethnocentrism, cultural relativity, culture shock, American values, etc.).

Describe how the social structure of a culture affects social interaction.

Identify and evaluate the functions of social institutions (e.g., family, education, religion, economy, government, etc.).

Evaluate the role and effectiveness of social institutions.

Explain how social problems can be a result of ineffective institutions (e.g., crime, poverty, etc.).

Explain how social institutions and cultures change and evolve due to historical changes, globalization, the Internet age, countercultures, and social movements.

Distinguish status from role.

Define and distinguish among social groups, formal organizations, and social institutions.

Classify types of social groups that exist in society (i.e., reference groups, primary groups, secondary groups, in-groups, out-groups, etc.).

Describe group roles, their dynamics, and their impact on group behavior.

Explain the process of the social construction of the self (e.g., I and Me, role-taking, generalized other, identity, etc.).

Define socialization, and describe the primary agents of socialization (i.e., family, peers, media, schools, religion, etc.).

Examine the processes of socialization throughout one's lifespan.

Define deviance, and describe conformity with and deviation from cultural norms.

Differentiate among various explanations or theories for deviant behavior (i.e., control theory, anomie theory, differential association theory, labeling theory, etc.).

Analyze various social control techniques (e.g., informal social control, formal social control, stigma, criminalization, etc.).

Examine the American criminal justice system's response to deviant behavior.

Identify common patterns of social inequality (i.e., privilege, poverty, power, race, ethnicity, class, gender, etc.).

Analyze effects of social inequality on groups and individuals (e.g., life chances, social problems, achievement, education, inter- and intra- group conflict among groups and individuals, etc.).

Explain how social institutions distribute power among groups and individuals and how institutions can produce, reinforce, or challenge inequality.

Examine a school or community's response to deviant behavior.

Describe changes in life in the Tennessee region from the late ice age through the Archaic period.

Compare and contrast features of life in the Tennessee region during the Woodland and Mississippian periods.

Analyze the customs and traditions of American Indians located in the Tennessee region prior to European contact, including:<ul><li>Cherokee</li><li>Chickasaw</li><li>Creek</li><li>Iroquois</li><li>Shawnee</li></ul>

Describe the impact of European exploration in the Tennessee region, including the significance of Christopher Columbus, Hernando de Soto, and Juan Pardo.

Describe the influx of British and French settlers and fur traders in the Tennessee region and their impact on American Indian tribes.

Explain the contest between the British, the French, and American Indians for land in the Tennessee region prior to the French and Indian War.

Describe the effects of migration into the Tennessee region, including the development of the Watauga and Cumberland Settlements.

Identify episodes of fighting that occurred in the Tennessee region during the American Revolution (e.g., Battle of Kings Mountain) and the effects of American victory on the area.

Identify reasons for the foundation and failure of the independent state of Franklin in 1784.

Analyze the effects of land speculation on settlement in the Territory South of the River Ohio (i.e., the Southwest Territory).

Analyze the conflicts between early Tennessee settlers and American Indians.

Describe the events and trace the process of Tennessee achieving statehood in 1796.

Describe major features of the Tennessee Constitution of 1796. (T.C.A. §49-6-1028)

Analyze the growth of Middle Tennessee in the early 1800s in power and influence, including the relocation of the capital.

Describe the distribution of slaves between the three grand divisions of Tennessee, the lives of free blacks and slaves, and the role of Tennesseans in the early abolition movement (e.g., Elihu Embree).

Describe aspects of farm life, work, religion, and community for families in early Tennessee.

Describe the economy of Tennessee in the early 19th century.

Describe the New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811-12 and the resulting effects on the land and culture of Tennessee.

Describe Tennessee's involvement in the War of 1812 (e.g., Tennessee volunteers, Felix Grundy, Andrew Jackson, etc.), and analyze the role of American Indians during the war.

Describe the significance of the Mississippi River, the Jackson Purchase, and the introduction of cotton in the rapid growth of Memphis and West Tennessee.

Explain the importance of transportation, technology, and geography in Tennessee's growing involvement in the national economy after the War of 1812, including the significance of:<ul><li>Cash crops (e.g., cotton, tobacco)</li><li>Natchez Trace</li><li>Road improvements</li><li>Steamboats</li></ul>

Describe the contributions of Presidents Andrew Jackson and James K. Polk to Tennessee and American history.

Describe the impact of the Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears on Tennessee.

Discuss the contributions of important figures during Tennessee's "golden age", including:<ul><li>John Bell</li><li>Newton Cannon</li><li>William Carroll</li><li>David Crockett</li><li>Ephraim Foster</li><li>Sam Houston</li><li>James C. Jones</li><li>Sequoyah</li><li>Hugh Lawson White</li></ul>

Identify the significance of the Tennessee Constitution of 1834. (T.C.A. §49-6-1028)

Describe the development of slavery in Tennessee from 1800 to 1860, including the distribution of slaves and conflicting attitudes among the three grand divisions.

Discuss the importance of the Nashoba Community and Free Hill as settlements for freed slaves.

Explain the causes of the Civil War and how geographic and political divisions impacted Tennessee's secession.

Describe Tennessee's role in the Civil War, including:<ul><li>Sieges of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson</li><li>Battle of Shiloh</li><li>Battle of Stones River</li><li>Chattanooga Campaign</li><li>Johnsonville Campaign</li><li>Battle of Franklin</li><li>Battle of Nashville</li></ul>

Identify the contributions of Tennesseans during the Civil War, including:<ul><li>Sam Davis</li><li>William Driver</li><li>David Farragut</li><li>Nathan Bedford Forrest</li><li>Isham Harris</li><li>Andrew Johnson</li><li>Sam Watkins</li></ul>

Describe how the Civil War impacted various populations in Tennessee (e.g., African Americans, American Indians, and women).

Explain William Brownlow's role in the development of Reconstruction.

Discuss the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson and its impact both nationally and in Tennessee.

Describe the rise, influence, and opposition of the Ku Klux Klan in Tennessee.

Explain the development and efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau schools, including Fisk University.

Identify early elected black lawmakers and leaders in Tennessee (e.g., Sampson Keeble and William Yardley), and determine their significance.

Explain the development of the 1870 Tennessee Constitution. (T.C.A. § 49-6-1028)

Identify exodusters (e.g., Benjamin "Pap" Singleton), and describe their experiences.

Explain developments in Tennessee's farming during the late 19th century as a result of industrialization.

Describe the social, economic, and political changes to Tennessee in the post-Reconstruction era, and identify the laws put in place to exclude black lawmakers by 1890.

Discuss the impact of the yellow fever epidemic on Memphis.

Describe the events that led to the Coal Creek Wars in Anderson and the surrounding counties over the state of Tennessee's decision to replace coal miners with prisoners.

Describe Tennessee's Centennial Exposition, and explain its significance.

Analyze the effect of Jim Crow laws on Tennessee, and identify the efforts of advocates for African Americans, including the significance of: W.E.B. Du Bois, James Napier, and Mary Church Terrell.

Summarize the influence of and reactions to the temperance movement in Tennessee, including the murder of Senator Edward Carmack.

Describe Tennessee's impact on the suffrage movement, including the following: "Perfect 36", Harry Burn, Anne Dallas Dudley, and A.H. Roberts.

Explain Tennessee's connection to World War I, including the impact of Alvin C. York and the Alcoa plant.

Identify Governor Austin Peay and his influence on Tennessee's infrastructure and education.

Analyze how the Scopes Trial reflected societal tension between tradition and modernity.

Describe major developments in country music (e.g., Grand Ole Opry, WSM, and the Carter family) and blues music (e.g., W.C. Handy and Bessie Smith) in Tennessee during this era.

Describe how the Great Depression and New Deal programs impacted Tennesseans, including the significance of: the Agricultural Adjustment Act, Civilian Conservation Corps, Tennessee Valley Authority, and Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

Analyze the impact Tennessee innovators (e.g., David Crosthwait and Clarence Saunders) had on the nation.

Evaluate Tennessee's contributions during World War II, including the impact of Camp Forrest, Camp Tyson, and Oak Ridge as well as the influence of Tennesseans during the war (e.g., Cornelia Fort and Cordell Hull).

Describe major agricultural shifts in Tennessee post-World War II and their impact economically and socially.

Analyze the significance of key Tennesseans on both the state and national level during the 1950s and 1960s, including: Frank Clement, Ed Crump, Al Gore, Sr., Estes Kefauver, and John Seigenthaler.

Describe Tennessee's role in the Civil Rights Movement (e.g., sit-ins and Diane Nash, Highlander Folk School, Tent City Movement of Fayette County, Columbia Race Riots, and the Clinton Twelve).

Identify major Tennessee figures involved in the Civil Rights Movement (e.g., Rev. James Lawson, Kelly Miller Smith).

Describe the purpose of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s presence in Memphis, the circumstances leading to his assassination, and the significance of the placement of the National Civil Rights Museum at the Lorraine Motel.

Discuss the development of rock 'n' roll music in Tennessee and its impact on the changing American culture, including the significance of: Elvis Presley, Stax Records, and Sun Studio.

Describe cultural developments in Tennessee during the 1970s and 1980s, including: Country Music Hall of Fame, Music Row, Opryland, and the 1982 World's Fair.

Identify the contributions of influential Tennesseans of the era, including:<ul><li>Lamar Alexander</li><li>Howard Baker</li><li>Al Gore, Jr.</li><li>Alex Haley</li><li>Dolly Parton</li><li>Wilma Rudolph</li><li>Pat Summitt</li><li>Fred Thompson</li><li>Oprah Winfrey</li></ul>

Identify major attractions and events that fuel the tourism industry in Tennessee, including the impact of:<ul><li>Bristol Motor Speedway</li><li>Civil War sites</li><li>CMA Music Festival</li><li>Graceland</li><li>Pigeon Forge (Gatlinburg)</li><li>State and national parks</li><li>Tennessee Aquarium</li></ul>

Discuss the impact of major businesses in Tennessee, such as:<ul><li>AutoZone</li><li>Eastman</li><li>FedEx</li><li>HCA</li><li>Nissan</li><li>Toyota</li><li>Volkswagen</li></ul>

Describe significant and/or unique products from Tennessee (e.g., Cracker Barrel, Goo Goo Cluster, Moon Pie, Mountain Dew).

Examine the influences of leading European thinkers (e.g., John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Thomas Hobbes) and other roots of American government (e.g., Greek democracy, Roman republic, Magna Carta).

Examine the Declaration of Independence and American grievances against British rule.

Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Discuss the Constitutional Convention of 1787, including the Great Compromise and the ensuing debate over ratification between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists.

Describe the purposes and functions of government as outlined in the Preamble of the Constitution.

Describe limited government within the Constitution, including:<ul><li>Checks and balances</li><li>Civilian control of the military</li><li>Federalism</li><li>Judicial review</li><li>Popular sovereignty</li><li>Rule of law</li><li>Separation of powers</li></ul>

Describe the structure of the Constitution and the process to amend it.

Analyze how the Bill of Rights limits the powers of the government and ensures individual rights. (T.C.A. § 49-6-1028)

Define the concepts of democracy and republic, and examine the relationship between the two.

Analyze Article I and the 17th Amendment of the Constitution as they relate to the legislative branch, including: eligibility for office, roles, length of terms, and election to office for representatives and senators, respectively.

Describe the census and its role in redistricting and reapportionment, including the role of Baker v. Carr.

Identify leadership positions of the legislative branch, including:<ul><li>Majority and minority leaders</li><li>President pro tempore</li><li>Role of the vice president</li><li>Speaker of the House</li></ul>

Describe the process of how a bill becomes a law.

Identify the Tennessee representatives and senators to U.S. Congress.

Describe the powers of U.S. Congress, including:<ul><li>Appropriations</li><li>Commerce</li><li>Confirmations</li><li>Declaration of war</li><li>Implied powers</li><li>Necessary and proper clause</li></ul>

Analyze Article II of the Constitution as it relates to the executive branch, including:<ul><li>Appointments</li><li>Commander-in-chief of the military</li><li>Eligibility for office</li><li>Executive orders</li><li>Length of term (22nd Amendment)</li><li>Oath of office</li><li>Powers of the president</li><li>Succession (25th Amendment)</li><li>Treaties</li></ul>

Identify major departments of the executive branch, including:<ul><li>Defense</li><li>Education</li><li>Justice</li><li>State</li><li>Treasury</li></ul>

Explain the Electoral College system, and compare and contrast arguments for and against it.

Analyze Article III of the Constitution as it relates to judicial power, including the length of terms and the jurisdiction of the U.S. Supreme Court.

Explain the processes of selection and confirmation of Supreme Court justices.

Explain the process of judicial review established by Marbury v. Madison.

Describe the Supreme Court's role in determining the constitutionality of laws and acts of the legislative and executive branches.

Evaluate the Supreme Court's interpretations of the freedoms articulated in the 1st Amendment, including:<ul><li>Schenck v. United States</li><li>Engel v. Vitale</li><li>Tinker v. Des Moines</li><li>Lemon v. Kurtzman</li><li>New York Times v. United States</li><li>Miller v. California</li><li>Texas v. Johnson</li></ul>

Explain the 2nd Amendment, and evaluate its various interpretations.

Evaluate the Supreme Court's interpretations of freedoms in the 4th through 8th Amendments, including:<ul><li>Mapp v. Ohio</li><li>Gideon v. Wainwright</li><li>Miranda v. Arizona</li></ul>

Evaluate the Supreme Court's interpretations of the freedoms in the 14th Amendment, equal protection, and due process clauses, including:<ul><li>Plessy v. Ferguson</li><li>Gitlow v. New York</li><li>Brown v. Board of Education</li><li>Roe v. Wade</li><li>Obergefell v. Hodges</li></ul>

Identify and explain legislation and legal precedents that established rights for the underserved, including Title IX and the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Identify the functions of departments and agencies of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in the state of Tennessee.

Explain the differences among the types of local governments in Tennessee, including county, city, and metro governments, as well as the legal, fiscal, and operational relationships between them and the state government.

Identify the current governor of Tennessee and the representatives in the General Assembly (for a student's respective district).

Describe what should be reasonably expected from any citizen or resident of the U.S., and explain why it is important for the well-being of the nation, including:<ul><li>Being informed on civic issues</li><li>Obeying the law</li><li>Paying taxes</li><li>Respecting the rights of others</li><li>Serving as a juror</li><li>Serving in the military or alternative service</li><li>Volunteering and performing public service</li><li>Voting</li></ul>

Explain the role of political parties in the nomination process for presidential candidates and the importance of and difference between primaries, caucuses, and general elections.

Describe the role of the media as a means of communicating information and how it influences the importance of issues and public opinion.

Describe the means that citizens use to participate in the political process, including:<ul><li>Campaigning</li><li>Demonstrating</li><li>Lobbying</li><li>Petitioning</li><li>Running for office</li><li>Voting</li></ul>

Explain the requirements to be considered a natural-born U.S. citizen, and describe the process of naturalization, including the knowledge required by the Naturalization Test.

Explain how the Homestead Act and the Transcontinental Railroad impacted the settlement of the West.

Examine federal policies toward American Indians, including: the movement to reservations, assimilation, boarding schools, and the Dawes Act.

Explain the impact of the Compromise of 1877, including: Jim Crow laws, lynching, disenfranchisement methods, the efforts of Benjamin "Pap" Singleton and the Exodusters, and the Plessy v. Ferguson decision. (T.C.A. § 49-6-1006)

Analyze the causes and consequences of Gilded Age politics and economics as well as the significance of the rise of political machines, major scandals, civil service reform, and the economic difference between farmers, wage earners, and industrial capitalists, including the following:<ul><li>Boss Tweed</li><li>Thomas Nast</li><li>Credit Mobilier</li><li>Spoils system and President James A. Garfield's assassination</li><li>Pendleton Act</li><li>Interstate Commerce Act</li></ul>

Describe the changes in American life that resulted from the inventions and innovations of business leaders and entrepreneurs of the period, including the significance of:<ul><li>Alexander Graham Bell</li><li>Henry Bessemer</li><li>Andrew Carnegie</li><li>Thomas Edison</li><li>J.P. Morgan</li><li>John D. Rockefeller</li><li>Nikola Tesla</li><li>Cornelius Vanderbilt</li><li>Madam C.J. Walker</li></ul>

Locate the following major industrial centers, and describe how industrialization influenced the movement of people from rural to urban areas:<ul><li>Boston</li><li>Chicago</li><li>New York City</li><li>Pittsburgh</li><li>San Francisco</li></ul>

Describe the differences between "old" and "new" immigrants, analyze the assimilation process for "new" immigrants, and determine the impacts of increased migration on American society, including:<ul><li>Angel Island</li><li>Ellis Island</li><li>Push and pull factors</li><li>Ethnic clusters</li><li>Jane Addams</li><li>Competition for jobs</li><li>Rise of nativism</li><li>Jacob Riis</li><li>Chinese Exclusion Act and Gentleman's Agreement</li></ul>

Explain the concepts of social Darwinism and the Social Gospel.

Compare and contrast the ideas and philosophies of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. (T.C.A. § 49-6-1006)

Explain the characteristics and impact of the Granger movement and populism, emphasizing the conflicts between farmers and the railroads.

Explain the rise of the labor movement, union tactics (e.g., strikes), the role of leaders (e.g., Eugene Debs and Samuel Gompers), the unjust use of prison labor (e.g., Coal Creek labor saga), and the responses of management and government.

Describe the rise of trusts and monopolies, their impact on consumers and workers, and the government's response, including the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914.

Describe working conditions in industries during this era, including the use of labor by women and children.

Explain the roles played by muckrakers and progressive idealists, including:<ul><li>Robert M. La Follette, Sr.</li><li>President Theodore Roosevelt</li><li>Upton Sinclair</li><li>Lincoln Steffens</li><li>Ida Tarbell</li></ul>

Analyze the goals and achievements of the Progressive movement, including:<ul><li>Adoption of the initiative, referendum, and recall</li><li>Adoption of the primary system</li><li>16th Amendment</li><li>17th Amendment</li><li>18th Amendment</li></ul>

Analyze the significant progressive achievements during President Theodore Roosevelt's administration, including:<ul><li>Square Deal</li><li>"Trust-busting"</li><li>Pure Food and Drug Act</li><li>Meat Inspection Act</li><li>Support for conservation</li></ul>

Analyze the significant progressive achievements during President Woodrow Wilson's administration, including: the New Freedom, the Federal Reserve Act, and the creation of the National Park Service.

Describe the movement to achieve suffrage for women, including: the significance of leaders such as Carrie Chapman Catt, Anne Dallas Dudley, and Alice Paul, the activities of suffragettes, the passage of the 19th Amendment, and the role of Tennessee as the "Perfect 36".

Assess the causes of American imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including: the desire for raw materials and new markets, the desire to spread American democratic and moral ideals, and yellow journalism.

Compare and contrast the arguments of interventionists and non-interventionists of the period.

Describe the causes of the Spanish-American War and the outcomes of American imperialism, including:<ul><li>Annexation of Hawaii</li><li>Philippine Insurrection</li><li>Roosevelt Corollary</li><li>Panama Canal</li><li>Access to Cuba</li></ul>

Compare and contrast President Theodore Roosevelt's Big Stick diplomacy, President William Howard Taft's Dollar Diplomacy, and President Woodrow Wilson's Moral Diplomacy.

Explain the causes of World War I and the reasons for the initial declaration of U.S. neutrality.

Explain the reasons for American entry into World War I, including: the use of unrestricted submarine warfare, the Zimmerman Telegram, the defense of democracy, and economic motivations.

Identify and explain the impact of the following on World War I (T.C.A. § 49-6-1006):<ul><li>Trench warfare</li><li>Use of new weapons and technology</li><li>Harlem Hell Fighters</li><li>Herbert Hoover</li><li>John J. Pershing</li><li>Alvin C. York</li></ul>

Analyze the political, economic, and social ramifications of World War I on the home front, including:<ul><li>Role played by women and minorities</li><li>Voluntary rationing</li><li>Committee on Public Information</li><li>Opposition by conscientious objectors</li><li>Schenck v. United States decision</li></ul>

Analyze the significance of President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, the causes and effects of the U.S. rejection of the League of Nations, and the subsequent impact on world politics.

Analyze the impact of the Great Migration of African Americans that began in the early 1900s from the rural South to the industrial regions of the Northeast and Midwest. (T.C.A. § 49-6-1006)

Describe the growth and effects that radio and movies played in the emergence of popular culture as epitomized by celebrities such as Charlie Chaplin, Charles Lindbergh, and Babe Ruth.

Examine the growth and popularity of country and blues music, including the rise of: the Grand Ole Opry, W.C. Handy, and Bessie Smith. (T.C.A. § 49-6-1006)

Describe the impact of new technologies of the era, including the advent of air travel and spread of electricity.

Describe the impact of Henry T. Ford, the automobile, and the mass production of automobiles on the American economy and society.

Describe the Harlem Renaissance, its impact, and important figures, including (T.C.A. § 49-6-1006):<ul><li>Louis Armstrong</li><li>Duke Ellington</li><li>Langston Hughes</li><li>Zora Neale Hurston</li></ul>

Describe changes in the social and economic status of women during this era, including: flappers, birth control, clerical and office jobs, and the rise of women's colleges.

Examine challenges related to civil liberties and racial/ethnic tensions during this era, including (T.C.A. § 49-6-1006):<ul><li>First Red Scare</li><li>Immigration Quota Acts of the 1920s</li><li>Resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan</li><li>Efforts of Ida B. Wells</li><li>Emergence of Garveyism</li><li>Rise of the NAACP</li></ul>

Describe the Scopes Trial of 1925, including: the major figures, two sides of the controversy, the outcome, and legacy.

Describe the impacts of Prohibition on American society, including: the rise of organized crime, bootlegging, and speakeasies.

Analyze the changes in the economy and culture of the U.S. as a result of credit expansion, consumerism, and financial speculation.

Analyze the causes of the Great Depression, including:<ul><li>Bank failures</li><li>Buying on margin</li><li>Crash of the stock market</li><li>Excess consumerism</li><li>High tariffs</li><li>Laissez-faire politics</li><li>Overextension of credit</li><li>Overproduction in agriculture and manufacturing</li><li>Rising unemployment</li></ul>

Analyze the causes of the Dust Bowl, and explain the social, geographic, and economic impacts.

Describe the impact of the Great Depression on the American people, including: mass unemployment, migration, and Hoovervilles.

Describe the steps taken by President Herbert Hoover to address the depression, including his: philosophy of "Rugged Individualism", public works projects, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, and response to the "Bonus Army".

Analyze the impact of the relief, recovery, and reform efforts of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs, including:<ul><li>Agricultural Adjustment Act</li><li>Civilian Conservation Corps</li><li>Fair Labor Standards Act</li><li>Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</li><li>National Recovery Administration</li><li>Securities and Exchange Commission</li><li>Social Security</li><li>Tennessee Valley Authority</li><li>Works Progress Administration</li></ul>

Analyze the effects of and the controversies arising from New Deal economic policies, including charges of socialism and President Franklin D. Roosevelt's "court packing" attempt.

Explain the rise and spread of fascism, communism, and totalitarianism internationally.

Explain President Franklin D. Roosevelt's response to world crises, including: the Quarantine Speech, the Four Freedoms speech, the Atlantic Charter, and the Lend-Lease Act.

Analyze the response of the U.S. to the plight of European Jews before the start of the war, the U.S. liberation of concentration camps during the war, and the immigration of Holocaust survivors after the war.

Explain the reasons for American entry into World War II, including the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Identify the roles and the significant actions of the following individuals in World War II:<ul><li>Winston Churchill</li><li>Dwight D. Eisenhower</li><li>Adolf Hitler</li><li>Douglas MacArthur</li><li>George C. Marshall</li><li>Benito Mussolini</li><li>President Franklin D. Roosevelt</li><li>Joseph Stalin</li><li>Hideki Tojo</li><li>President Harry S. Truman</li></ul>

Explain the role of geographic and military factors on the outcomes of battles in the Pacific and European theaters of war, including the Battles of Midway, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and D-Day.

Identify the roles and sacrifices of individual American soldiers, as well as the unique contributions of special fighting forces such as the Tuskegee Airmen, the 442nd Regimental Combat team, the 101st Airborne, and the Navajo Code Talkers.

Examine and explain the entry of large numbers of women into the workforce and armed forces during World War II and the subsequent impact on American society.

Examine the impact of World War II on economic and social conditions for African Americans, including the Fair Employment Practices Committee and the eventual integration of the armed forces by President Harry S. Truman. (T.C.A. § 49-6-1006)

Describe the constitutional issues and impact of the internment of Japanese Americans on the U.S., including the Fred Korematsu v. United States of America decision.

Describe the war's impact on the home front, including:<ul><li>Rationing</li><li>Bond drives</li><li>Propaganda</li><li>Movement to cities and industrial centers</li><li>Bracero program</li><li>Conversion of factories for wartime production</li><li>Location of prisoner of war camps in Tennessee</li></ul>

Describe the Manhattan Project, and explain the rationale for using the atomic bomb to end the war.

Explain the major outcomes of the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences.

Identify and explain the reasons for the founding of the United Nations, including the role of Cordell Hull.

Describe the competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in arms development, economic dominance, and ideology, including the roles of NATO, SEATO, and the Warsaw Pact.

Explain the Cold War policies of containment and the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and Berlin Airlift.

Analyze the causes and effects of the Second Red Scare, including: Americans' attitudes toward McCarthyism, blacklisting, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.

Describe the causes, course, and consequences of the Korean War, including:<ul><li>Domino theory</li><li>38th parallel</li><li>Battle of Inchon</li><li>Entry of the communist Chinese</li><li>Final disposition of the Koreas</li></ul>

Explain Cold War policies during President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration, including brinksmanship and "peaceful coexistence".

Explain the fears of Americans surrounding nuclear holocaust and debates over stockpiling and the use of nuclear weapons, including:<ul><li>Atomic testing</li><li>Civil defense</li><li>Fallout shelters</li><li>Impact of Sputnik</li><li>Mutual assured destruction</li></ul>

Describe the relationship between Cuba and the U.S., including the Bay of Pigs Invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis.

Describe the causes, course, and consequences of the Vietnam War, including:<ul><li>Geneva Accords</li><li>Gulf of Tonkin Resolution</li><li>Tet Offensive</li><li>Vietnamization</li><li>Ho Chi Minh</li><li>Bombing of Cambodia</li><li>Napalm and Agent Orange</li></ul>

Compare the policies and practices of Presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon and their impacts on the continuation of the Vietnam War.

Evaluate the impact of the Vietnam War on the home front, including: the anti-war movement, draft by lottery, and the role of television and the media.

Describe the competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union for superiority in space.

Explain developments that eased tensions during the Cold War, including:<ul><li>President Richard Nixon's detente</li><li>President Jimmy Carter's SALT Treaties</li><li>President Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev's INF Treaty</li><li>The fall of the Berlin Wall</li></ul>

Analyze the impact of prosperity and consumerism in the 1950s, including: the growth of white-collar jobs, the "suburban ideal", the impact of the G.I. Bill, and the increased reliance on foreign oil.

Explain the impact of the baby boomer generation on the American economy and culture.

Describe domestic developments during President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration, including advances in medicine and the creation of the Interstate Highway System.

Describe the growing influence of the automobile on American society, including the growth of: suburbia, fast food chains, and the hotel industry.

Analyze the increasing impact of television and mass media on the American home, politics, and economy.

Describe the emergence of a youth culture, including beatniks and the progression of popular music (from swing to rhythm and blues to rock 'n' roll), and the impact of Tennessee on the music industry, including the influence of B.B. King, Elvis Presley, Stax Records, and Sun Studio. (T.C.A. § 49-6-1006)

Describe President John F. Kennedy's New Frontier programs to improve education, end racial discrimination, create the Peace Corps, and put a man on the moon.

Examine the decision and impact of Brown v. Board of Education on desegregation. (T.C.A. § 49-6-1006)

Examine the roles and actions of civil rights advocates (e.g., Malcolm X, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks) and opponents (e.g., Bull Connor, Orval Faubus, Strom Thurmond) and how they coincided with, confronted, and challenged each other. (T.C.A. § 49-6-1006)

Describe the significant events in the struggle to secure civil rights for African Americans, including: (T.C.A. § 49-6-1006)<ul><li>Montgomery Bus Boycott</li><li>Integration of Clinton High School in Clinton, TN</li><li>Integration of Central High School in Little Rock, AR</li><li>Freedom Riders</li><li>Tent City in Fayette County, TN</li><li>Marches, demonstrations, boycotts, and sit-ins (e.g., Nashville)</li><li>March on Washington, D.C.</li><li>Birmingham bombings of 1963</li><li>Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.</li><li>Highlander Folk School</li></ul>

Analyze civil and voting rights legislation, including: the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (e.g., Fair Housing Act), and the 24th Amendment. (T.C.A. § 49-6- 1006)

Analyze how the American Indian Movement, Chicano Movement, and Feminist Movement are related to the Civil Rights Movement in advancing equality across the broader spectrum of American society during this time period.

Evaluate the impact of President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs, including: Medicare, urban renewal, and the War on Poverty.

Analyze different points of view that reflect the rise of social activism and the growth of counterculture, including: generation gap, hippies, and Woodstock.

Explain significant achievements of President Richard Nixon's administration, including his appeal to the "silent majority" and his major foreign policy actions.

Examine the Watergate scandal, including:<ul><li>Background of the break-in</li><li>Changing role of media and journalism</li><li>Controversy surrounding President Gerald Ford's pardon</li><li>Legacy of distrust</li><li>United States v. Nixon</li></ul>

Explain the emergence of environmentalism, including the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency and disasters such as Love Canal and Three Mile Island.

Identify and explain the significant events of President Jimmy Carter's administration, including:<ul><li>Poor economy</li><li>Panama Canal Treaty</li><li>Camp David Accords</li><li>Energy crisis</li><li>Iran Hostage Crisis</li></ul>

Analyze the significance of President Ronald Reagan's administration, including:<ul><li>Revitalization of national pride</li><li>Reaganomics</li><li>Iran-Contra affair</li><li>"War on Drugs"</li><li>Strategic Defense Initiative</li><li>AIDS epidemic</li></ul>

Describe the significant events of President George H.W. Bush's administration, including the invasion of Panama and the Gulf War.

Summarize the events of President Bill Clinton's administration, including:<ul><li>Welfare-to-work</li><li>Balanced budget</li><li>NAFTA</li><li>Scandals and subsequent impeachment hearings</li></ul>

Describe the impact of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, including: the response of President George W. Bush, wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and continued efforts to combat terrorism globally.

Describe the increasing role of women and minorities in the American military, politics, and economy, including (T.C.A. § 49-6-1006):<ul><li>Hillary Clinton</li><li>Sandra Day O'Connor</li><li>Nancy Pelosi</li><li>Colin Powell</li><li>Condoleezza Rice</li></ul>

Compare and contrast commonly used methods of communication from 1970 to today, and analyze the impact they have had on society.

Describe the achievements and setbacks of President Barack Obama's administration.

Explain geography as a field of inquiry, differentiate between physical and human geography, describe the importance of the spatial perspective, and use spatial thinking skills to analyze global issues.

Synthesize geographic information from a variety of sources to analyze both human and physical processes in the world's regions, countries, and cities.

Explain the use of major geographic concepts (e.g., globalization, location, pattern, place, region, scale, site, and situation).

Define the concept of region, identify different types (e.g., formal, functional, perceptual), and give examples.

Define mental map, and explain its usefulness in geographic analysis.

Read and interpret maps and globes using cardinal directions, latitude and longitude, legends, map scale, and title.

Identify, use, and evaluate the usefulness of different types of map projections (e.g., Mercator, Robinson, Goode's Homolosine).

Create and compare physical, political, and thematic maps (e.g., choropleth, dot density, proportional symbol, isoline, cartogram).

Analyze patterns and processes at different scales (e.g., local, national, regional, global).

Describe the importance of geospatial technologies (i.e., GIS, GPS, remote sensing), and apply them in relevant contexts.

Use geographic knowledge, skills, and perspectives to analyze problems and make decisions.

Relate current events to the physical and human characteristics of place and regions.

Describe ways in which different types of physical and natural processes create and shape the surface of the Earth.

Describe how unique weather patterns impact geography and population distribution of a region (e.g., drought, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes).

Describe how societies modify and adapt to the environment, and explain how technology impacts the ability to do so.

Analyze how people interact with and modify the environment to satisfy basic needs and solve challenges (e.g., access to fresh water, energy resources, irrigation, transportation, type of housing).

Explain how humans are affected by and depend on the physical environment and its resources.

Analyze the distribution of natural resources, how they have impacted the economies of various world regions, and their connections to global trade.

Identify examples of scarcity in and around specific world regions.

Define the concept of culture and its components (e.g., culture hearth, culture traits, material and nonmaterial culture, etc.).

Explain how physical geography and economic practices shape the cultural landscapes of various regions.

Locate, describe, and compare major cultural characteristics in the regions of North, Central, and South America.

Locate, describe, and compare major cultural characteristics in the regions of Europe.

Locate, describe, and compare major cultural characteristics in the regions of Sub-Saharan Africa.

Locate, describe, and compare major cultural characteristics in the regions of North Africa and Southwest Asia.

Locate, describe, and compare major cultural characteristics in the regions of East, South, and Southeast Asia.

Locate, describe, and compare major cultural characteristics of regions in the South Pacific and Oceania.

Analyze how cultural characteristics (e.g., ethnicity, gender roles, identity, language, religion) link and/or divide regions or societies.

Describe the challenges of clearly defining cultural regions around the world.

Define and differentiate between nation, state, and nation-state.

Explain and analyze the reasons for the creation of different political divisions (e.g., state, nation-state, federal states, unitary states, electoral districts).

Describe different types of political boundaries (i.e., cultural and physical) and shapes (e.g., compact, fragmented, elongated, prorupted, perforated), and explain benefits and drawbacks associated with each.

Analyze the changes between historical political maps and modern political maps, explain how and why political borders change, and describe the impact of these changes on populations (e.g., the former Soviet Union, the former Yugoslavia, Israel, South Asia, Africa, etc.).

Define, give examples, and evaluate supranational organizations and their roles (e.g., the United Nations, European Union, NATO, etc.).

Compare and contrast the distribution, growth rates, and characteristics of human populations at different scales in terms of settlement patterns and access to natural and economic resources.

Analyze the characteristics (e.g., age, gender, life expectancy, natural increase rate) of populations at different scales (e.g., local, national, global) using census data and population pyramids.

Define and give examples of economic, social, political, and environmental push and pull factors.

Define and give examples of voluntary, forced, interregional, and intraregional migration patterns.

Analyze past and present trends in human migration and the role of intervening obstacles and opportunities (e.g., economic, social, political, and environmental).

Describe the impact and challenges of migration on both the sending and receiving countries.

Differentiate between developed and developing countries, and evaluate how economic and social indicators are used to determine a country's level of development.

Analyze the spatial distribution and patterns of developed and developing countries.

Define comparative advantage, and evaluate how a country leverages its access to land, labor, and capital to expand trade.

Identify physical, economic, cultural, and political factors that influence the locations and patterns of economic activities, trade, and economic development.

Describe how goods and services are exchanged on local, national, and global levels, including: bartering, monetary exchange, and transportation.

Interpret and analyze a chart, graph, or resource map of major imports and exports of goods and services.

Analyze the global patterns and networks of economic interdependence (e.g., dependence on resources, use of low cost labor, the new international division of labor, etc.).

Locate, describe, and evaluate the formation of trade blocs throughout the world (e.g., EU, NAFTA. ASEAN, CARICOM, etc.).

Describe reasons for increasing urbanization around the world and the economic, social, and political implications.

Locate both the largest and fastest growing cities in the world, and analyze their locations using the concepts of site and situation.

Explain how the function and role of towns and cities change over time, applying the concepts of urban hierarchy and central place theory.

Describe how cities are structured, including their unique roles and characteristics.

Describe the challenges of urban areas (e.g., access to public services, affordability of housing, discrimination, gentrification, overpopulation, pollution, sprawl, transportation, zones of abandonment).

Describe the concept of the divine right of kings as well as the features, strengths, and weaknesses of European absolutism, including: Louis XIV, Versailles, and Peter the Great.

Compare documents that establish limits on government in response to absolute monarchy (e.g., the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights).

Compare the major ideas of philosophers during the Age of Enlightenment, such as Charles-Louis de Montesquieu, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Examine the causes and consequences of the English Civil War.

Identify the major causes of the French Revolution, including the impact of:<ul><li>The American Revolution</li><li>Conflicting social classes</li><li>Economic factors</li><li>Enlightenment political thought</li><li>Government corruption and weakness</li></ul>

Summarize the major events of the French Revolution (e.g., storming of the Bastille, execution of Louis XVI, reign of terror), and trace the evolution of France's government from constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism to the Napoleonic Empire.

Analyze the geographic, political, and social factors that contributed to the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte's empire.

Identify how the ideas of the Enlightenment inspired Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence, and compare the American Revolution with the French Revolution.

Explain the effects of the French Revolution on Europe and the world, including the influence of: the Napoleonic Code, Concert of Europe, and Haitian Revolution.

Explain how the Agricultural Revolution, mechanization, and the "enclosure movement" led to rapid population growth, rural to urban migration, and the growth of major cities in Europe and North America.

Explain the geographic and economic reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in England, including: natural resources, entrepreneurship, labor, and access to capital.

Analyze how geographic and cultural features were an advantage or disadvantage to the diffusion of the Industrial Revolution.

Describe the geographic scale, trade routes, and conditions of the forced migration of Africans to the Western Hemisphere, including connections between slave labor and the growth of industrial economies.

Explain how scientific and technological innovations (e.g., the steam engine, new textile technology, steel processing, medical advances, electricity, and new methods of transportation) led to massive social, economic, cultural, and demographic changes.

Evaluate the industrialization of Europe in terms of:<ul><li>Social benefits (e.g., increases in productivity and life expectancy)</li><li>Social costs (e.g., harsh working and living conditions, pollution, child labor, and income inequality)</li><li>Attempts to address these costs (e.g., political reform, urban planning, philanthropy, labor unionism, education reform, and public health and sanitation)</li></ul>

Compare and contrast the rise of the following economic theories as a result of industrialization: capitalism, communism, and socialism.

Define nationalism, and explain how nationalism, cultural geography, and physical geography contributed to the unification of nations, such as Germany and Italy.

Describe the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe during this time period.

Define imperialism, and analyze reasons for 19th century imperialism, including: competition between empires, cultural justifications, and the search for natural resources and new markets in response to rapid industrialization.

Describe the natural resources and geographic features of Africa, their role in attracting European economic interests, and their impact on global trade.

Analyze the outcomes of the Berlin Conference and the impact of superimposed boundaries on African indigenous populations, and compare the geographic progression of imperialistic claims on the African continent by European empires.

Describe successful (e.g., Ethiopia) and unsuccessful (e.g., Zulu Wars and Ashanti Wars) examples of African resistance to European imperialism.

Describe the importance of India to the British Empire, the Suez Canal as a connection between Great Britain and India, and India's reaction to British rule.

Explain the growing influence of western powers on China from the Opium Wars through the Boxer Rebellion.

Explain cultural diffusion, and describe the diffusion of cultures between Europe, Africa, and Asia as a result of European imperialism.

Analyze Japan's abandonment of isolationism, its embrace of technological and political changes, and its consequent rise as an imperial power in the late 19th century.

Describe the natural resources and geographic features of Central and South America, their role in attracting American and European economic interests, and their impact on global trade.

Compare and contrast the impact of economic imperialism on Central and South America with the impact of imperialism on other parts of the world.

Explain how tensions between nations and states contributed to regional conflicts of the era.

Explain how the rise of militarism, alliances, imperialistic rivalries, and growing nationalism led to the outbreak of World War I.

Describe how trench warfare, the resulting stalemate, war of attrition, and advances in weaponry (e.g., chemical weapons, machine guns, submarines, tanks) affected the course and outcome of World War I.

Analyze the importance of geographic factors in military decision-making, and determine the principal theaters and significance of major battles in World War I (e.g., Battles of the Marne, Verdun, the Somme, etc.).

Explain how the entrance of the United States and the exit of Russia affected the course and outcome of World War I.

Define total war, and describe its effect on European civilian populations, including:<ul><li>Food shortages</li><li>Industrial production of war materials</li><li>Naval/submarine blockades</li><li>Women as war workers</li></ul>

Describe the effects of World War I, including the significance of:<ul><li>Armenian Genocide</li><li>Collapse of major empires</li><li>Economic losses</li><li>Environmental changes</li><li>Loss of human life</li><li>Movement of populations</li><li>Spread of disease</li></ul>

Compare the goals of leading nations (i.e., U.S., France, Great Britain, Italy, and Japan) at the Paris Peace Conference with the outcomes of the Treaty of Versailles and its impact on Germany.

Analyze the shifts in geopolitical boundaries post-World War I resulting from the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations mandate system.

Determine the causes and consequences of the Bolshevik Revolution and Russian Civil War.

Analyze the cultural, economic, and intellectual trends of the 1920s.

Describe the collapse of international economies in 1929 that led to the Great Depression, including the significance of:<ul><li>Overproduction</li><li>Unemployment</li><li>Inflation</li><li>Restrictive trade policies</li><li>Post-war economic relationships between the U.S. and Europe</li></ul>

Explain how economic instability, nationalism, and political disillusionment in Germany and Japan led to the rise of totalitarian regimes.

Compare and contrast the rise to power, goals, and characteristics of Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Joseph Stalin's totalitarian regimes.

Analyze the role of geographic features and natural resources in increasing tensions prior to and during World War II.

Compare the Italian, German, and Japanese efforts to expand their empires in the 1930s, including: the invasion of Ethiopia, German militarism, and atrocities in China.

Explain the role of military alliances, appeasement, isolationism, and the domestic distractions in Europe and the U.S. prior to the outbreak of World War II.

Describe how geography and technology (e.g., airplanes, advanced medicine, propaganda, radar) influenced wartime strategies, including: blitzkrieg, "island hopping", kamikaze, and strategic bombing.

Describe the geography and outcomes of major battles and turning points of World War II in both the European and Pacific theaters, including:<ul><li>Battle of Britain</li><li>Battle of Midway</li><li>Battle of Stalingrad</li><li>Battle of Normandy</li><li>Battle of the Bulge</li></ul>

Describe the roles of leaders during World War II, including the significance of:<ul><li>Winston Churchill</li><li>Adolf Hitler</li><li>Benito Mussolini</li><li>President Franklin D. Roosevelt</li><li>Joseph Stalin</li><li>Hideki Tojo</li><li>President Harry S. Truman</li></ul>

Describe the persecution of Jews and other targeted groups in Europe leading up to World War II, and explain why many people were unable to leave and their efforts to resist persecution.

Explain the state-sponsored mass murder of the Jews in Nazi-controlled lands, and describe the varied experiences of Holocaust survivors and victims.

Explain the decisions made in the Atlantic Charter and at the Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam Conferences.

Describe the development of atomic bombs, and evaluate both the decisions to use them and the impact of their use.

Describe the cultural, economic, geographic, and political effects of World War II, including:<ul><li>Casualties of the war (military and civilian)</li><li>Changes to geopolitical boundaries</li><li>Creation of the United Nations</li><li>Destruction of cultural heritage</li><li>Division of Germany</li><li>Impact of the Nuremberg trials</li><li>Refugees and displaced populations</li></ul>

Summarize the nature of reconstruction in Europe after 1945, including both the economic and political purposes of the Marshall Plan.

Explain the origins and significance of the establishment of the State of Israel, and describe the reactions by surrounding Arab countries to the United Nations' decision to establish Israel.

Describe the economic and military power shift at the end of World War II, such as Soviet control over Eastern Europe and the economic recoveries of Germany and Japan.

Analyze the rise of communism and Mao Zedong in China, as well as the related political, social, and economic impacts on China.

Describe the characteristics of the Cold War, and explain reasons for the rising tensions between the Soviet Union and former Allied powers.

Summarize the functions of the Warsaw Pact and NATO, including their roles in organizing post-war Europe.

Describe methods of Soviet control in Eastern Europe and the role of Berlin as a focal point in escalating Cold War tensions.

Explain the role of the nuclear arms race, mutual assured destruction, and arms control agreements within the context of rising tensions between the Soviet Union and U.S.

Describe examples of national uprisings against the Soviet Union (e.g., Hungary and Czechoslovakia), and explain why they were unsuccessful.

Describe the competition in Asia between the Soviet Union and U.S., including the wars in Korea and Vietnam as examples of proxy wars.

Explain reasons for the rapid decline of communist systems in the late 1980s, including:<ul><li>Economic inefficiency</li><li>Unsustainable military spending</li><li>Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms</li><li>Mass protests in Eastern Europe and China</li><li>1991 Soviet coup d'état</li></ul>

Analyze the political, economic, social, and geographic consequences of the collapse of communist governments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

Explain the push and pull factors of migration.

Explain the reasons for and the effects of the partition of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947.

Explain the factors that led to the creation of a lasting democratic government in India as well as the roles of political leaders (e.g., Mohandas Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi).

Describe the development, goals, and outcomes of nationalist movements in Africa, including the ideas and roles of nationalist leaders (e.g., Jomo Kenyatta, Patrice Lumumba, and Gamal Abdel Nasser).

Explain the fight against and dismantling of the apartheid system in South Africa, including the roles of Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress.

Analyze the political, economic, ethnic, and military challenges faced by newly-created countries in post-imperial Africa (e.g., civil war, genocide, corruption).

Explain how ideological conflicts between capitalism and communism led to armed insurgencies, revolutions, and military dictatorships in Latin American nations, including: Argentina, Colombia, Cuba, and Nicaragua.

Describe how competing national, ethnic, and religious interests led to conflict and the establishment of new countries in the Balkans.

Compare and contrast the causes and effects of modern genocide, including in: Cambodia, Rwanda, and the former Yugoslavia.

Explain the causes and effects of German reunification on both West and East Germany.

Analyze the response of Arab countries to the creation of the State of Israel and the peace processes in the Middle East, including the Camp David and Oslo Accords.

Analyze the demographic changes of countries in post-World War II regions, using population pyramids and census data.

Explain the challenges of rapid population growth on developing countries (e.g., China and India) and of population decline in developed countries (e.g., Germany, Japan, and Sweden), and give examples of policies implemented to both slow and increase population growth.

Describe the cultural, economic, geographic, and political effects of significant technological, ideological, medical, and scientific developments and breakthroughs of the era.

Evaluate the impact of geospatial technologies (such as GPS and GIS) on retail, military, transportation, city planning, and communication.

Analyze the economic, political, and social impacts of drug and human trafficking in the contemporary era.

Analyze how technology has intensified patterns of globalization and led to the idea of space-time compression, containerization, and computer technology.

Explain the goals and consequences of trade organizations and treaties and how they have played a role in the growing global economic system.

Identify examples of supranational organizations, and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of membership.

Analyze the causes and effects of an increased role of South and East Asian countries in the global economy.

Describe the international importance and rapid economic development of the oil-rich Persian Gulf states.

Explain implications of the transition from the use of fossil fuels to alternative and renewable energy sources.

Describe governing ideologies, conflicts among nations (e.g., Persian Gulf War), and popular religious or democratic movements in the Middle East/North Africa.

Analyze the causes and consequences of terrorism and international efforts to counteract it.