Grades 9, 10, 11, 12

Historical Thinking Skills

Reasoning Processes

Course Content

Developments and Processes

Sourcing and Situation

Claims and Evidence in Sources

Contextualization

Making Connections

Argumentation

Comparison

Causation

Continuity and Change

Renaissance and Exploration

Age of Reformation

Absolutism and Constitutionalism

Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments

Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century

Industrialization and Its Effects

19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments

20th-Century Global Conflicts

Cold War and Contemporary Europe

Identify and explain historical developments and processes.

Analyze sourcing and situation of primary and secondary sources.

Analyze arguments in primary and secondary sources

Analyze the context of historical events, developments, or processes.

Using historical reasoning processes (comparison, causation, continuity and change) analyze patterns and connections between and among historical developments and processes.

Develop an argument.

Describe similarities and/or differences between different historical developments or processes.

Explain relevant similarities and/or differences between specific historical developments and processes.

Explain the relative historical significance of similarities and/or differences between different historical developments or processes.

Describe causes and/or effects of a specific historical development or process.

Explain the relationship between causes and effects of a specific historical development or process.

Explain the difference between primary and secondary causes and between short- and long-term effects.

Explain how a relevant context influenced a specific historical development or process.

Explain the relative historical significance of different causes and/ or effects.

Describe patterns of continuity and/or change over time.

Explain patterns of continuity and/or change over time.

Explain the relative historical significance of specific historical developments in relation to a larger pattern of continuity and/or change.

Learning Objective A Explain the context in which the Renaissance and Age of Discovery developed.

Explain how the revival of classical texts contributed to the development of the Renaissance in Italy.

Explain the political, intellectual, and cultural effects of the Italian Renaissance.

Explain how Renaissance ideas were developed, maintained, and changed as the Renaissance spread to northern Europe.

Explain the influence of the printing press on cultural and intellectual developments in modern European history.

Explain the causes and effects of the development of political institutions from 1450 to 1648.

Explain the technological factors that facilitated European exploration and expansion from 1450 to 1648.

Explain the motivations for and effects of European exploration and expansion from 1450 to 1648.

Explain how and why trading networks and colonial expansion affected relations between and among European states.

Explain the economic impact of European colonial expansion and development of trade networks.

Explain the social and cultural impact of European colonial expansion and development of trade networks.

Explain the causes for and the development of the slave trade.

Explain European commercial and agricultural developments and their economic effects from 1450 to 1648.

Explain European commercial and agricultural developments and their social effects from 1450 to 1648.

Explain the causes and consequences of the Renaissance and Age of Discovery.

Explain the context in which the religious, political, and cultural developments of the 16th and 17th centuries took place.

Explain how and why religious belief and practices changed from 1450 to 1648.

Explain how matters of religion influenced and were influenced by political factors from 1450 to 1648.

Explain the continuities and changes in the role of the Catholic Church from 1450 to 1648.

Explain how economic and intellectual developments from 1450 to 1648 affected social norms and hierarchies.

Explain how and why artistic expression changed from 1450 to 1648.

Explain how the religious, political, and cultural developments of the 16th and 17th centuries affected European society from 1450 to 1648.

Explain the context in which different forms of political power developed from 1648 to 1815.

Explain the causes and consequences of the English Civil War.

Explain the continuities and changes in commercial and economic developments from 1648 to 1815.

Explain the factors that contributed to the development of the Dutch Republic.

Explain how European states attempted to establish and maintain a balance of power on the continent throughout the period from 1648 to 1815.

Explain how advances in technology contributed to a developing balance of power on the continent throughout the period from 1648 to 1815.

Explain how absolutist forms of rule affected social and political development from 1648 to 1815.

Compare the different forms of political power that developed in Europe from 1648 to 1815.

Explain the context in which the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment developed in Europe.

Explain how understanding of the natural world developed and changed during the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.

Explain the causes and consequences of Enlightenment thought on European society from 1648 to 1815.

Explain the influence of Enlightenment thought on European intellectual development from 1648 to 1815.

Explain the factors contributing to and the consequences of demographic changes from 1648 to 1815.

Explain how European cultural and intellectual life was maintained and changed throughout the period from 1648 to 1815.

Explain how different forms of political power were influenced by Enlightenment thought from 1648 to 1815.

Explain how and why political and religious developments challenged or reinforced the idea of a unified Europe from 1648 to 1815.

Explain how and why the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment challenged the existing European order and understanding of the world.

Explain the context in which the European states experienced crisis and conflict from 1648 to 1815.

Explain the causes and consequences of European maritime competition from 1648 to 1815.

Explain the economic and political consequences of the rivalry between Britain and France from 1648 to 1815.

Explain the causes, events, and consequences of the French Revolution.

Explain how the events and developments of the French Revolution influenced political and social ideas from 1648 to 1815.

Explain the effects of Napoleon's rule on European social, economic, and political life.

Explain the nationalist responses to Napoleon's rule in Europe.

Explain how states responded to Napoleonic rule in Europe and the consequences of the response.

Explain how and why the Romantic Movement and religious revival challenged Enlightenment thought from 1648 to 1815.

Explain how the developments and challenges to the political order resulted in change in the period from 1648 to 1815.

Explain the context in which industrialization originated, developed, and spread in Europe.

Explain the factors that influenced the development of industrialization in Europe from 1815 to 1914.

Explain how innovations and advances in technology during the Industrial Revolutions led to economic and social change.

Explain how industrialization influenced economic and political development throughout the period from 1815 to 1914.

Explain the causes and consequences of social developments resulting from industrialization.

Explain how the European political order was maintained and challenged from 1815 to 1914.

Explain how and why various groups reacted against the existing order from 1815 to 1914.

Explain how and why different intellectual developments challenged the political and social order from 1815 to 1914.

Explain the various movements and calls for social reform that resulted from intellectual developments from 1815 to 1914.

Explain how and why governments and other institutions responded to challenges resulting from industrialization.

Explain the influence of innovations and technological developments in Europe from 1815 to 1914.

Explain the context in which nationalistic and imperialistic sentiments developed in Europe from 1815 to 1914.

Explain how the development and spread of nationalism affected Europe from 1815 to 1914.

Explain the factors that resulted in Italian unification and German unification.

Explain how nationalist sentiment and political alliances led to tension between and among European powers from 1815 to 1914.

Explain how Darwin's theories influenced scientific and social developments from 1815 to 1914.

Explain how science and other intellectual disciplines developed and changed throughout the period from 1815 to 1914.

Explain the motivations that led to European imperialism in the period from 1815 to 1914.

Explain how technological advances enabled European imperialism from 1815 to 1914.

Explain how European imperialism affected both European and non- European societies.

Explain the continuities and changes in European artistic expression from 1815 to 1914.

Explain the influence of nationalist and imperialist movements on European and global stability.

Explain the context in which global conflict developed in the 20th century.

Explain the causes and effects of World War I.

Explain how new technology altered the conduct of World War I.

Explain how the developments of World War I changed political and diplomatic interactions between and among nations.

Explain the causes and effects of the Russian Revolution.

Explain how and why the settlement of World War I failed to effectively resolve the political, economic, and diplomatic challenges of the early 20th century.

Explain the causes and effects of the global economic crisis in the 1920s and 1930s.

Explain the factors that led to the development of fascist and totalitarian regimes in the aftermath of World War I.

Explain the consequences of Stalin's economic policies and totalitarian rule in the Soviet Union.

Explain how and why various political and ideological factors resulted in the catastrophe of World War II.

Explain how technology and innovation affected the course of World War II and the 20th century.

Explain how and why cultural and national identities were affected by war and the rise of fascist/totalitarian powers in the period from 1914 to the present.

Explain how the events of the first half of the 20th century challenged existing social, cultural, and intellectual understandings.

Explain how economic challenges and ideological beliefs influenced prior conceptions about the relationship between the individual and the state.

Explain the context in which the Cold War developed, spread, and ended in Europe.

Explain how economic developments resulted in economic, political, and cultural change in the period after World War II.

Explain the causes, events, and effects of the Cold War in the period following World War II.

Explain the economic and political consequences of the Cold War for Europe.

Explain the causes and effects of mass atrocities in the period following World War II to the present.

Explain state-based economic developments following World War II and the responses to these developments.

Explain the causes and effects of the end of the Cold War.

Explain how women's roles and status developed and changed throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.

Explain the various ways in which colonial groups around the world sought independence from colonizers in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Explain how the formation and existence of the European Union influenced economic developments throughout the period following World War II to the present.

Explain how the European Union affected national and European identity throughout the period following World War II to the present.

Explain the causes and effects of changes to migration within and immigration to Europe throughout the period following World War II to the present.

Explain how innovation and advances in technology influenced cultural and intellectual developments in the period 1914 to the present.

Explain the technological and cultural causes and consequences of increasing European globalization in the period from 1914 to the present.

Explain how and why European culture changed from the period following World War II to the present.

Explain how the challenges of the 20th century influenced what it means to be European.

Identify a historical concept, development, or process.

Explain a historical concept, development, or process.

Identify a source's point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience.

Explain the point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience of a source.

Explain the significance of a source's point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience, including how these might limit the use(s) of a source.

Identify and describe a claim and/or argument in a textbased or non-text-based source.

Identify the evidence used in a source to support an argument.

Compare the arguments or main ideas of two sources.

Explain how claims or evidence support, modify, or refute

Identify and describe a historical context for a specific historical development or process.

Explain how a specific historical development or process is situated within a broader historical context.

Identify patterns among or connections between historical developments and processes.

Explain how a historical development or process relates to another historical development or process.

Make a historically defensible claim.

Support an argument using specific and relevant evidence.

Use historical reasoning to explain relationships among pieces of historical evidence.

Corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument using diverse and alternative evidence in order to develop a complex argument. This argument might:

Describe specific examples of historically relevant evidence.

Explain how specific examples of historically relevant evidence support an argument.

Explain nuance of an issue by analyzing multiple variables.

Explain relevant and insightful connections within and across periods.

Explain the relative historical significance of a source's credibility and limitations.

Explain how or why a historical claim or argument is or is not effective.