8.T5.6a

Interpretations of freedoms of religion, assembly, press, petition, and speech under the First Amendment; for example, Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) The Court held, 7-2, that students’ right to protest is protected in schools.   Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986) The Court held, 7-2, that students’ right to use vulgar language is not protected in schools. Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988) The Court ruled, 5-3, that students’ right to school-sponsored student speech in a school newspaper may be restricted with educational justification. Citizens United vs. Federal Election Commission (2010) The Court ruled, 5-4, that contributions by corporations and organizations such as unions to political campaigns are protected as free speech.