CP

Body Plan & Organization

Homeostasis

Chemistry & Cell Biology

Histology

Integumentary System

Skeletal System & Articulations

Muscular System

Nervous System

General and Special Senses

Endocrine System

Cardiovascular System

Lymphatic System and Immunity

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Metabolism

Uninary System

Reproductive System

Anatomical position

Body planes and sections

Body cavities and regions

Directional terms

Basic terminology

Levels of organization

Survey of body systems

Definition

General types of homeostatic mechanisms

Energy transfer using ATP

Membrane potential

Overview of histology and tissue types

Microscopic anatomy, location, and functional roles of epithelial tissue

Microscopic anatomy, location, and functional roles of connective tissue

Microscopic anatomy, location, and functional roles of muscle tissue

Microscopic anatomy, location, and functional roles of nervous tissue

Membranes (mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial)

Tissue growth, modification, and repair

General composition and functions of the integumentary system and the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis or superficial fascia)

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the integument and subcutaneous layer (hypodermis or superficial fascia)

Roles of specific tissue layers of skin and the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis or superficial fascia)

Structure and function of epidermal derivatives (accessory structures of the integument)

Application of homeostatic mechanisms

General functions of the skeletal system

Structural components -- microscopic anatomy

Structural components -- gross anatomy

Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling

Organization of the skeletal system

Bones of the skeleton

General functions of muscle tissue

Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue

Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle

Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation

Skeletal muscle metabolism

Nomenclature of skeletal muscles

Location, general attachments, and actions of the major skeletal muscles

Group actions of skeletal muscles

Application of homeostatic mechanisms

General functions of the nervous system

Organization of the nervous system

General anatomy of the nervous system

Protective roles of cranial bones and vertebral column, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Neurons

Neuroglial (glial) cells

Neurophysiology

Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and synaptic transmission

Structural and functional organization of the brain

Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Application of homeostatic mechanisms

Sensory receptors

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye

Visual pathways

Olfaction

Gustation

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the ear

Auditory pathways

General functions of the endocrine system

General functions of the cardiovascular system

Composition of blood

Hematopoiesis

ABO and Rh blood grouping

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart

Blood flow through the heart

Conduction system of the heart & the electrocardiogram

Cardiac cycle

Regulation of cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and heart rate (HR)

Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels

Systemic and pulmonary circuits (circulations)

General functions of the lymphatic system

Lymph and lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic cells, tissues, and organs

Introduction to innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) immune responses

Innate (nonspecific) defenses

Overview of adaptive (specific) immunity

Antigens and antigen processing

Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive (specific, acquired) immunity

General functions of the respiratory system

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the respiratory tract and related organs

Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation

Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood

Structure and functions of the digestive system

General gross and microscopic anatomy of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Peritoneum and mesenteries

Oral cavity

Anatomy of the pharynx

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the esophagus

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the stomach

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the small intestine

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the large intestine, rectum, and anal canal

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory digestive organs

Motility in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Physiology of digestion

Processes of absorption

Nutrients

General functions of the urinary system

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the kidney

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract (i.e., ureters, urinary bladder, urethra)

Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

Overview of the male and female reproductive systems

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male reproductive system

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system

Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

Oogenesis, folliculogenesis, and the ovarian cycle

Comparison of male and female gametogenesis

Uterine (menstrual) cycle

Describe the human body in anatomical position.

Describe how to use the terms right and left in anatomical reference.

Identify and define the anatomic planes in which a body might be viewed.

Identify and describe the location of the body cavities and the major organs found in each cavity.

List and describe the location of the major anatomical regions of the body.

Identify and describe the location of the four abdominopelvic quadrants and the nine abdominopelvic regions, and the major structures found in each.

List and define the major directional terms used in anatomy.

Describe the location of body structures, using appropriate directional terminology.

Define the terms anatomy and physiology.

Give specific examples to show the interrelationship between anatomy and physiology.

Describe the location of structures of the body, using basic regional and systemic terminology.

Describe, in order from simplest to most complex, the major levels of organization in the human organism.

Give an example of each level of organization.

List the organ systems of the human body and their major components.

Describe the major functions of each organ system.

Define homeostasis.

Define the following terms as they relate to homeostasis: setpoint, variable, receptor (sensor), effector (target), and control (integrating) center.

List the main physiological variables for which the body attempts to maintain homeostasis.

List the steps in a response pathway, starting with the stimulus and ending with the response.

Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback in terms of the relationship between stimulus and response, and describe examples of each.

Explain why negative feedback is the most common mechanism used to maintain homeostasis.

Explain the role of ATP in the cell.

Describe the generalized reversible reaction for ATP synthesis and the release of energy from ATP.

Define resting membrane potential (RMP).

Explain the role of ion concentration gradients and membrane permeability to ions in establishing a membrane potential.

Explain how sodium-potassium ATPase pumps help maintain the resting membrane potential.

Define the term histology.

List the four major tissue types.

Compare and contrast the general features of the four major tissue types.

Describe the structural characteristics common to all types of epithelia.

Classify different types of epithelial tissues based on structural characteristics.

Describe the microscopic anatomy, location, and function of each epithelial tissue type.

Identify examples of each type of epithelial tissue.

Compare and contrast exocrine and endocrine glands, structurally and functionally.

Describe the structural characteristics common to all types of connective tissue.

Classify different types of connective tissues based on their structural characteristics, functions, and locations in the body.

Identify examples of each type of connective tissue.

Describe the structural characteristics common to all types of muscle tissue.

Classify different types of muscle tissue based on structural characteristics, functions, and locations in the body.

Identify examples of each type of muscle tissue.

Recognize the cells of nervous tissue.

Compare and contrast neurons and glial cells with respect to cell structure and function.

Describe the structure and function of mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membranes.

Describe locations in the body where each type of membrane can be found.

Define the following terms: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, necrosis, apoptosis, metaplasia, regeneration, fibrosis, and dysplasia.

Describe tissue repair following an injury.

List the components of the integumentary system.

Describe the general functions of the integumentary system and the subcutaneous layer.

Identify and describe the tissue type making up the epidermis.

Identify and describe the layers of the epidermis, indicating which are found in thin skin and which are found in thick skin.

Compare and contrast thin and thick skin with respect to location and function.

Identify and describe the dermis and its layers, including the tissue types making up each dermal layer.

Identify and describe the subcutaneous layer, including the tissue types.

Describe the factors that contribute to skin color.

Describe the functions of the epidermis.

Explain how each of the five layers, as well as each of the following cell types and substances, contributes to the functions of the epidermis: stem cells of stratum basale, keratinocytes, melanocytes, epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells, tactile (Merkel) cells and discs, keratin, and extracellular lipids.

Describe the functions of the dermis, including the specific function of each dermal layer.

Describe the functions of the subcutaneous layer.

Describe the thermoregulatory role played by adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer.

List the epidermal derivatives of the integument.

Describe the structure of hair.

Describe the structure of nails.

Describe the structure and function of exocrine glands of the integumentary system.

Explain how the integumentary system maintains homeostasis with respect to thermoregulation and water conservation.

Explain how the integumentary system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis.

Describe the major functions of the skeletal system.

List and describe the cellular and extracellular components of bone tissue.

Identify the microscopic structure of compact bone and spongy bone.

Classify bones of the skeleton based on their shape.

Identify and describe the structural components of a long bone, and explain their functions.

Define common bone marking terms (e.g., condyle, tubercle, foramen, canal).

Describe the locations of the three types of cartilage in the skeletal system.

Compare and contrast the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone growth, repair, and remodeling.

Describe the bone repair and remodeling process and how it changes as humans age.

Explain the steps involved in fracture repair.

Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeletons and list the major bones contained within each.

Identify individual bones and their locations within the body.

Identify major bone markings (e.g., spines, processes, foramina) on individual bones.

Compare and contrast the adult male and female skeletons (pelvic girdle).

Describe the major functions of muscle tissue.

Describe the structure, location in the body, and function of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

Compare and contrast the general microscopic characteristics of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

Describe the organization of skeletal muscle, from cell (skeletal muscle fiber) to whole muscle.

Name the connective tissue layers that surround each skeletal muscle fiber, fascicle, entire muscle, and group of muscles and indicate the specific type of connective tissue that composes each of these layers.

Describe the components within a skeletal muscle fiber.

Define sarcomere.

Describe the arrangement and composition of the following components of a sarcomere: A-band, I-band, H-zone, Z-disc (line), and M-line.

Define the sliding filament theory of skeletal muscle contraction.

Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber, including events at the neuromuscular junction, excitation-contraction coupling, and cross-bridge cycling.

Describe the sequence of events involved in skeletal muscle relaxation.

Describe the sources of ATP.

Explain the factors that are believed to contribute to skeletal muscle fatigue.

Explain how the name of a muscle can help identify its action, appearance, or location.

Identify the location, general attachments, and actions of the major skeletal muscles.

Define the terms prime mover (agonist), antagonist, synergist, and fixator.

Explain how the muscular system contributes to thermoregulation.

Describe the general functions of the nervous system.

Compare and contrast the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) with respect to structure and function.

Differentiate between the motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent) components of the nervous system.

Describe the nervous system as a control system with the following components: sensory receptors, afferent pathways, control (integrating) center, efferent pathways, and effector (target) organs.

Compare and contrast the somatic motor and autonomic motor divisions of the nervous system.

Compare and contrast the somatic sensory and autonomic sensory divisions of the nervous system.

Describe the location of the gray and white matter in the CNS.

Describe the structure of a typical nerve, including the motor and sensory neuronal elements, neuroglial elements, and connective tissue wrappings.

Describe how the cranial bones and the vertebral column protect the CNS.

Identify the layers of the meninges and describe their anatomical and functional relationships to the CNS (brain and spinal cord).

Compare and contrast the structure of the dura mater surrounding the brain and the spinal cord.

Describe the general functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Identify and describe the major components of a typical neuron (e.g., cell body, nucleus, nucleolus, dendrites, and axon) and indicate which parts receive input signals and which parts transmit output signals.

Describe the structure, location, and function of each of the types of neuroglial (glial) cells.

Define myelination and describe its function, including comparing and contrasting how myelination occurs in the CNS and PNS.

List the major ion channels of neurons .

Describe the physiological basis of the resting membrane potential (RMP) in a neuron including the ion channels involved, the relative ion concentrations, and the electrochemical gradient.

Describe the role of the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential.

Define and describe depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, and threshold.

Compare and contrast graded potentials and action potentials, with particular attention to their locations in the neuron and the ions and ion channels involved in each.

Label a voltage-versus-time diagram of an action potential with the ions involved in each phase, the direction of their movement across the membrane, and the terms depolarize, repolarize, and hyperpolarize.

Describe the physiological process involved in the propagationof an action potential.

Describe the importance of voltage-gated channels in the conduction (propagation) of an action potential.

Define a synapse.

Identify and define the general terms gyrus, sulcus, and fissure.

Identify and describe the four major parts of the adult brain (i.e., cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum).

Describe the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its significance.

Identify and describe the cerebral hemispheres and the four lobes of each (i.e., frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital).

Identify and describe the major landmarks of the cerebrum.

Identify and describe the three major cerebral regions.

Compare and contrast the cerebral location and function of the motor speech area (Broca area) and Wernicke area.

Name the major components of the diencephalon.

Describe the structure, location, and major functions of the thalamus.

Describe the structure, location, and major functions of the hypothalamus, including its relationship to the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system.

Name the three subdivisions of the brainstem.

Describe the structure, location, and major functions of the midbrain.

Describe the structure, location, and major functions of the pons.

Describe the structure, location, and major functions of the medulla oblongata.

Describe the structure, location, and major functions of the cerebellum.

Define the term reflex.

Describe reflex responses in terms of the major structural and functional components of a reflex arc.

Compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to the somatic nervous system (SNS) with respect to site of origination, number of neurons involved in the pathway, effectors, receptors, and neurotransmitters.

Name the two main divisions of the ANS and compare and contrast the major functions of each division, their neurotransmitters, the origination of the division in the CNS, the location of their preganglionic and postganglionic (ganglionic) cell bodies, and the length of the preganglionic versus postganglionic axons.

Describe the major components of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. [ORIGINAL] Describe the major components of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (e.g., sympathetic trunk [chain], white and gray rami communicantes, splanchnic nerves, pelvic splanchnic nerves, CN III, CN VII, CN IX, CN X) and the major ganglia of each division (e.g., terminal ganglia, intramural ganglia, sympathetic trunk [chain] ganglia, prevertebral [collateral] ganglia).

Explain the role of the nervous system in the maintenance of homeostasis and give examples of how the nervous system interacts with other body systems to accomplish this.

Define sensory receptor.

Identify the tunics of the eye and their major components (e.g., cornea, sclera, iris, ciliary body), and describe the structure and function of each.

Identify and describe the anterior and posterior cavities of the eye and their associated humors.

Describe the lens and its role in vision.

Identify and describe the accessory eye structures (e.g., conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus).

Trace the path of light as is passes through the eye to the retina, and describe which structures are responsible for refracting the light rays.

Compare and contrast the functions and locations of rods and cones.

Relate changes in the anatomy of the eye to changes in vision.

Identify and describe the composition and location of the olfactory epithelium.

Identify and describe the location and structure of taste buds.

Describe the primary taste sensations.

Identify the macroscopic structures of the outer (external), middle, and inner (internal) ear and their major components (e.g., auditory ossicles, auditory [pharyngotympanic] tube), and describe the structure and function of each.

Trace the path of sound from the external ear to the inner ear, including where sound is amplified.

Describe the major functions of the endocrine system.

Define the terms hormone, endocrine gland, endocrine tissue (organ), and target cell.

Compare and contrast how the nervous and endocrine systems control body functions, the anatomical pathways by which the signals reach their targets, what determines the target of the pathway, the speed of the target response(s), the duration of the response, and how signal intensity is coded.

Describe the major functions of each component of the cardiovascular system (i.e., blood, heart, blood vessels).

Describe the general composition of blood (e.g., plasma, formed elements).

Describe the composition of blood plasma.

List the major types of plasma proteins and their functions.

Compare and contrast the morphological features and general functions of the formed elements (i.e., erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets).

List the five types of leukocytes in order of their relative prevalence in normal blood, and describe their major functions.

Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin, including its breakdown products.

Define hematocrit and state the normal ranges for adult males and females.

Describe the locations of hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis) .

Explain the role of surface antigens on erythrocytes in determining blood groups.

List the type of antigen and the type of antibodies present in each ABO blood type.

Describe how the presence or absence of Rh antigen results in blood being classified as positive or negative.

Describe the development and clinical significance of anti-Rh antibodies.

Predict which blood types are compatible and what happens when the incorrect ABO or Rh blood type is transfused.

Describe the position of the heart in the thoracic cavity.

Identify and describe the location, structure, and function of the fibrous pericardium, parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium, serous fluid, and the pericardial cavity.

Explain the structural and functional differences between atria and ventricles.

On the external surface of the heart identify the 4 chambers, apex and base.

Identify and describe the structure and function of the primary internal structures of the heart, including chambers, septa, valves, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, and venous and arterial openings.

Describe the blood flow to and from the heart wall, including the location of the openings for the left and right coronary arteries.

Describe the structure and functions of each layer of the heart wall (i.e., epicardium, myocardium, endocardium).

Describe the microscopic anatomy of the myocardium, including the location and function of the intercalated discs.

Trace the path of blood through the right and left sides of the heart, including its passage through the heart valves, and indicate whether the blood is oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor.

List the parts of the electrical conduction system of the heart in the correct sequence for one contraction and explain how the electrical conduction system functions.

Explain why the SA node normally paces the heart.

Explain how the cardiac conduction system produces coordinated heart chamber contractions.

Name the waveforms in a normal electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) and explain the electrical events represented by each waveform.

Define cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole.

Relate the electrical events represented on an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) to the normal mechanical events of the cardiac cycle.

Explain how atrial systole is related to ventricular filling.

Relate the opening and closing of specific heart valves in each phase of the cardiac cycle.

Relate the heart sounds to the events of the cardiac cycle.

Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Define cardiac output (CO) and state its units of measurement.

Calculate cardiac output, given stroke volume and heart rate.

Predict how changes in heart rate (HR) and/or stroke volume (SV) will affect cardiac output (CO).

Define the terms artery, capillary, and vein.

Compare and contrast tunic thickness, composition, and lumen diameter among arteries, capillaries, and veins.

Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

Describe the systemic and pulmonary circuits (circulations) and explain the functional significance of each.

Identify the major arteries and veins of the pulmonary circuit.

Identify the major arteries and veins of the systemic circuit.

Describe the major functions of the lymphatic system.

Compare and contrast whole blood, plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph.

Compare and contrast lymphatic vessels and blood vessels in terms of structure and function.

Describe the path of lymph circulation.

Describe the mechanisms of lymph formation and circulation.

Describe the structure, function, and major locations of lymphatic nodules (e.g., mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue [MALT], tonsils).

Describe the structure, functions, and major locations of the following lymphatic organs: lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.

Compare and contrast innate (nonspecific) with adaptive (specific) defenses.

Define immunity and the immune system.

Describe the roles of various types of leukocytes in innate (nonspecific) and adaptive immune responses.

Explain ways in which the innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) immune responses cooperate to enhance the overall resistance to disease.

Name surface membrane barriers and describe their physical, chemical, and microbiological mechanisms of defense.

Describe the steps involved in phagocytosis and provide examples of important phagocytic cells in the body.

Describe the functions of natural killer cells.

Summarize the cells and chemicals involved in the inflammatory process.

List and explain the causes of the four cardinal signs of inflammation.

Explain the benefits of inflammation.

Describe the mechanism of fever, including the role of pyrogens.

Explain the benefits of fever.

Compare and contrast antibody-mediated (humoral) and cell-mediated (cellular) immunity.

Describe the immunological memory response.

Define antigen, self-antigen, and antigen receptor.

Describe the general structure and functions of the various types of lymphocytes.

Define immunocompetence.

Describe where B and T cells originate, and contrast where they attain their immunocompetence.

Describe the major functions of the respiratory system.

Describe the processes associated with the respiratory system (i.e., ventilation, pulmonary gas exchange [gas exchange between alveoli and blood], transport of gases in blood, tissue gas exchange [gas exchange between blood and body tissues]).

Compare and contrast the general locations and functions of the conducting and respiratory portions (zones) of the respiratory tract.

Identify the anatomical division of the upper versus lower respiratory tract.

List, in order, the respiratory structures that air passes through during inspiration and expiration.

Describe the major functions, gross anatomical features, and epithelial lining of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx.

Describe the major functions of the larynx.

Describe the anatomical features of the larynx, including the laryngeal cartilages.

Compare and contrast the location, composition, and function of the vocal cords.

Describe the major functions of the trachea.

Describe the gross anatomical features of the trachea, including its positioning with respect to the esophagus.

Compare and contrast the main anatomical differences between bronchi and bronchioles.

Identify and describe the location, structure, and function of the visceral and parietal pleura, serous fluid, and the pleural cavity.

Compare and contrast the gross anatomic features of the left and right lungs, and explain the reasons for these differences.

Define pulmonary ventilation, inspiration (inhalation), and expiration (exhalation).

Describe the ways in which oxygen is transported in blood, and explain the relative importance of each to total oxygen transport.

Explain the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration.

Describe the major functions of the digestive system.

Explain the differences between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (alimentary canal) and the accessory digestive organs.

Compare and contrast mechanical digestion and chemical digestion, including where they occur in the digestive system.

Define peristalsis.

Trace the pathway of ingested substances through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

List and identify the organs that compose the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Identify and describe the location, structure, and function of the visceral and parietal peritoneum, serous fluid, and the peritoneal cavity.

Identify and describe the boundaries of the oral cavity.

Define mastication.

Compare and contrast the composition and functions of the hard palate, soft palate, and uvula.

Identify and describe the structures (e.g., taste buds, papillae) and the functions of the tongue.

Describe the structure and function of the salivary glands.

Describe the composition and functions of saliva.

Identify and describe the different regions of the pharynx with respect to the passage of air and/or food.

Identify and describe the gross anatomy of the esophagus, including its location relative to other body structures.

Describe the general functions of the esophagus.

Identify and describe the gross anatomy of the stomach, including its location relative to other body structures.

Describe the general functions of the stomach.

Describe the compositions, locations, and functions of the inferior esophageal (cardiac, lower esophageal) sphincter and the pyloric sphincter.

Identify gastric folds (rugae) and discuss their functional significance.

Identify and describe the gross anatomy of the small intestine, including its location relative to other body structures.

Describe the general functions of the small intestine.

Identify the specific segments of the small intestine (i.e., duodenum, jejunum, ileum), including their relative length.

Identify and describe the gross anatomy of the large intestine, rectum and anal canal, including their location relative to other body structures.

Identify the specific segments and related flexures of the large intestine.

Describe the general functions of the large intestine, rectum, and anal canal.

Describe the general functions of the liver.

Describe the location of the liver relative to other body structures.

Identify and describe the structure and functions of the gallbladder.

Describe the location of the gallbladder relative to other body structures.

Identify and describe the structure and functions of the pancreas.

Describe the location of the pancreas relative to other body structures.

List the structures involved in deglutition and explain the process of deglutition, including the changes in position of the glottis and larynx that prevent aspiration.

Compare and contrast the following: peristalsis, segmentation, and mass movement.

Define emulsification.

List the organs and specific structures that facilitate the absorption of nutrients

Define nutrient, essential nutrient, and non-essential nutrient.

Describe common uses in the body for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Describe the major functions of the urinary system and which organs are responsible for those functions.

Identify and describe the anatomic structure of the kidney, including its coverings.

Distinguish histologically between the renal cortex and the renal medulla.

Identify and describe the structure of a typical nephron,

Identify and describe the gross anatomy and location of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Compare and contrast the anatomy of the male urethra versus the female urethra.

Trace the path of urine from the collecting duct of the kidney to the external urethral orifice.

Describe the three processes that take place in the nephron (i.e., filtration, reabsorption, and secretion) and explain how the integration of these three processes determines the volume and composition of urine.

Compare and contrast the major anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems.

Describe the functions of the hormones involved in the regulation of the reproductive processes (e.g., gonadotropin releasing hormone [GnRH], follicle stimulating hormone [FSH], luteinizing hormone [LH], androgens, inhibin, estrogens, progesterone).

Identify and describe the gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and functions of the testes.

Identify and describe the gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and functions of the epididymis.

Identify and describe the structure and functions of the vas deferens

Identify and describe the structure and functions of accessory glands (i.e., seminal glands [seminal vesicles], prostate gland, bulbourethral [Cowper] glands).

Identify and describe the structure and functions of the male external genitalia (e.g., scrotum, penis).

Describe the pathway of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the external urethral orifice of the penis.

Describe the production, composition, and functions of semen.

Identify and describe the gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and functions of the ovaries.

Identify and describe the gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and functions of the uterus and uterine (fallopian) tubes.

Identify and describe the structure and function of the vagina.

Identify and describe the structure and functions of the mammary glands.

Describe the pathway of the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus.

Define the processes of spermatogenesis.

Define the process of oogenesis (oocyte development).

Describe a typical ovarian cycle and explain how the process of folliculogenesis spans multiple ovarian cycles.

Define ovulation, and explain the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) in ovulation.

Compare and contrast the timing and number of oocytes produced in oogenesis and sperm produced in spermatogenesis.

Compare and contrast endocrine regulation of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

Name the phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle, and describe the anatomical changes in the uterine wall that occur during each phase.

Describe the correlation between the uterine and ovarian cycles.