History and Geography

Gold seekers, founding of St. Augustine, Spanish missions, “Seven Cities of Cibola” (of Gold), de Oñate’s slaughter and enslavement of indigenous people, Pope’s Revolt

II.C.5

Bartolomé de las Casas and the encomienda system

II.D.1

Search for a river passage through the American continent to Asia

II.D.2

French

II.D.3

Dutch

II.D.4

English

III.A.1

Francis Drake and defeat of the Spanish armada

III.A.2

Joint-stock companies provide grants to wealthy people and businesses to build colonies

III.A.3

1585: Sir Walter Raleigh established first colony in North America (Roanoke Island); Later remembered as the “Lost Colony”; “Croatoan” carving

III.B.1

Founded as economic centers

III.B.2

Virginia

III.B.3

Maryland

III.B.4

Carolinas

III.B.5

Georgia

III.B.6

Enslavement of people in the Americas

III.C.1

Founded as religious sanctuaries

III.C.2

Massachusetts

III.C.3

Rhode Island

III.C.4

New Hampshire, Connecticut, Maine

III.D.1

Founded for both economical profit and as a religious sanctuary

III.D.2

Most populous cities, most diverse population, and highest number of free Black Americans of the colonies

III.D.3

New York

III.D.4

Pennsylvania

IV.A.1

Also known as the Seven Years’ War, part of an ongoing struggle between Britain and France for control of colonies in various regions around the world (in this case, in North America)

IV.A.2

Alliances with Native Americans

IV.A.3

The Battle of Quebec, James Wolfe

IV.A.4

Colonel George Washington

IV.A.5

Pontiac’s War

IV.B.1

British taxes to pay for war debts: Stamp Act; “The rights of Englishmen;” “No taxation without representation”

IV.B.2

Sam Adams, Sons of Liberty

IV.B.3

Boston Massacre, Crispus Attucks, Paul Revere’s cooper engraving

IV.B.4

Tea Act, Boston Tea Party

IV.B.5

The Intolerable Acts close the port of Boston and require Americans to provide quarters for British troops

IV.B.6

First Continental Congress protests to King George III

IV.B.7

Patrick Henry, “Give me liberty or give me death”

IV.C.1

William Dawes, Paul Revere’s ride, “One if by land, two if by sea”

IV.C.2

Lexington and Concord

IV.C.3

Second Continental Congress: George Washington appointed commander in chief of Continental Army

IV.C.4

Bunker Hill (Breed’s Hill)

IV.C.5

Declaration of Independence

IV.C.6

British army compared to Continental army (funding, resources)

IV.C.7

Women in the Revolution: Deborah Sampson, Molly Pitcher

IV.C.8

Black Americans in the Revolution:

IV.C.9

Nathan Hale: “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”

IV.C.10

Battles of Trenton and Saratoga, French alliance

IV.C.11

Valley Forge, Frederick von Steuben

IV.C.12

John Paul Jones: “I have not yet begun to fight.”

IV.C.13

Benedict Arnold

IV.C.14

Loyalists (Tories)

IV.C.15

Cornwallis: Surrender at Yorktown

V.A.1

The Age of Enlightenment: John Locke: Jean Jacques Rousseau

V.A.2

“Natural Rights” and “the consent of the governed”

V.A.3

The responsibility of government to protect the “unalienable rights” of the people

V.A.4

Concept of a “limited government”

V.B.1

Second Continental Congress

V.B.2

Northwest Ordinance

V.B.3

Articles of Confederation: weak central government

V.B.4

James Madison and Alexander Hamilton

V.B.5

Definition of “republican” government

V.B.6

1787: The Constitutional Convention

V.B.7

Federalists vs Anti-Federalists

V.B.8

The Federalist Papers

V.B.9

Bill of Rights

VI.A.1

Electoral college

VI.A.2

George Washington, first president, first inaugural ceremony, setting precedents

VI.A.3

Early judicial system

VI.A.4

District of Columbia established as national capitol

VI.A.5

John Adams, second president, Abigail Adams, the President’s House (the White House)

VI.A.6

Thomas Jefferson, third president, Louisiana Purchase, Embargo Act of 1807

VI.A.7

James Madison, fourth president, “Father of the Constitution”

VI.A.8

James Monroe, fifth president, purchase of Florida, the Monroe Doctrine

VI.A.9

John Quincy Adams, sixth president

VI.A.10

Andrew Jackson, seventh president

VI.B.1

President James Madison and Dolley Madison

VI.B.2

British impressment of American sailors

VI.B.3

British burn the White House

VI.B.4

Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key, and “The Star-Spangled Banner”

VI.B.5

Battle of New Orleans, Andrew Jackson

VII.A.1

Frederick Jackson Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in American History

VII.A.2

The Wilderness Road, the Cumberland Gap, Daniel Boone

VII.A.3

Exploring the Louisiana Purchase, the “Corps of Discovery”

VII.A.4

Zebulon Pike

VII.B.1

Improvements in transportation (stagecoach, steamboats, flatboats, railroads)

VII.B.2

Oregon, trade and settlement

VII.B.3

Brigham Young and Mormon settlement (present-day Utah)

VII.B.4

California gold rush, “forty-niners”

VII.C.1

More and more settlers move onto Native American lands, treaties made and broken

VII.C.2

Attacks on Wilderness Road and raiding settlements; U.S. troops retaliate

VII.C.3

Battle of Wabash, Battle of Fallen Timbers

VII.C.4

Chief Tecumseh: attempted to unite tribes in defending their land

VII.C.5

Battle of Tippecanoe

VII.C.6

Chief Osceola

VII.C.7

Trail of Tears (Nuna-da-ut-sun’y)

VII.C.8

Manifest Destiny

VII.D.1

1821: Mexico wins independence

VII.D.2

Stephen Austin, settlements in Texas

VII.D.3

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Battle of the Alamo (“Remember the Alamo”)

VII.D.4

Sam Houston

VII.D.5

Republic of Texas, state of Texas in 1845

VII.D.6

Mexican-American War

VIII.A.1

Invention of the cotton gin

VIII.A.2

Life of enslaved people, Turner’s Rebellion

VIII.A.3

The Missouri Compromise, controversy over whether to allow the enslavement of people in territories and new states

VIII.A.4

Abolitionists: William Lloyd Garrison and The Liberator, Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth

VIII.A.5

Harriet Tubman, Underground Railroad, Mason-Dixon Line

VIII.A.6

Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act

VIII.A.7

Dred Scott decision

VIII.A.8

John Brown, Harper’s Ferry

VIII.A.9

Lincoln: “A house divided against itself cannot stand.”

VIII.A.10

Lincoln-Douglas debates

VIII.A.11

Lincoln elected president, Southern states secede.

VIII.B.1

Confederate States of America (Confederacy), Jefferson Davis

VIII.B.2

April 12, 1861: firing on Fort Sumter

VIII.B.3

North (Billy Yank) vs. South (Johnny Reb)

VIII.B.4

Women’s role in the war

VIII.B.5

First Battle at Bull Run (Manassas)

VIII.B.6

Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant

VIII.B.7

General Stonewall Jackson

VIII.B.8

Ironclad ships, battle of the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia (formerly the USS Merrimack)

VIII.B.9

Battles in the western front

VIII.B.10

Battle at Antietam Creek (Sharpsburg)

VIII.B.11

The Emancipation Proclamation

VIII.B.12

Black American troops, Massachusetts 55th Regiment and Massachusetts 54th Regiment led by Colonel Shaw

VIII.B.13

Battle of Gettysburg and the Gettysburg Address

VIII.B.14

William Tecumseh Sherman’s march to the sea

VIII.B.15

Lincoln re-elected, concluding words of the Second Inaugural Address (“With malice toward none, with charity for all. . . .”)

VIII.B.16

Richmond (Confederate capital) falls to Union forces

VIII.B.17

Surrender at Appomattox Court House

VIII.B.18

Assassination of Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth

VIII.C.1

The South in ruins

VIII.C.1.1

Thirteenth Amendment

VIII.C.1.2

Freedmen’s Bureau and sharecropping

VIII.C.1.3

Andrew Johnson, Presidential Reconstruction, impeachment

VIII.C.1.4

Black codes

VIII.C.1.5

Congressional Reconstruction, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments

VIII.C.1.6

Ku Klux Klan

VIII.C.1.7

Incarceration of Black men

VIII.C.1.8

End of Reconstruction, Compromise of 1877, all federal troops removed from the South.

IX.A.1

Favorable government policies encourage Americans to move west of the Mississippi River and west of the Rocky Mountains.

IX.A.2

Westward migration expands due to mining and ranching.

IX.A.3

Railroads, Transcontinental Railroad links east and west, Union Pacific Railroad Company and Central Pacific.

IX.A.4

Homestead Act (1862), many thousands of Americans and immigrants start farms in the West.

IX.A.5

Myth of the “wild west:” Billy the Kid and Jesse James

IX.A.6

Wild West show: William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody and Annie Oakley

IX.A.7

U. S. purchases Alaska from Russia.

IX.A.8

The devastating impact of this era on Native Americans.

IX.B.1

Broken Treaties and forced removal to reservations

IX.B.2

1824: Bureau of Indian Affairs, assimilation practices, Carlisle School

IX.B.3

Plight of the bison

IX.B.4

Sand Creek Massacre

IX.B.5

Apache battles and Geronimo

IX.B.6

Little Big Horn: Chief Crazy Horse, Chief Sitting Bull, Custer’s Last Stand

IX.B.7

Lost homelands, barren reservations

IX.B.8

Wovoka, the Ghost Dance

IX.B.9

Battle of Wounded Knee

X.A.1

“Land of opportunity,” Emma Lazarus and “Mother of Exiles”

X.A.2

The metaphor of America as a “melting pot” or “mosaic”

X.A.3

European Immigration and anti-immigrant movement

X.B.1

The post-Civil War industrial boom

X.B.2

The condition of labor

X.B.3

Industrialists and capitalists

X.B.4

Populism

XI.A.1

The Progressive Era

XI.A.2

Reform for Black Americans

XI.A.3

Women’s suffrage movement and the Nineteenth Amendment

XI.A.4

The Socialist critique of America

XII.A.1

Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists

XII.A.2

The Spanish-American War

XII.A.3

Philippines War

XII.A.4

Building the Panama Canal: “Roosevelt Corollary” to the Monroe Doctrine, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.”

XII.B.1

Entangling defense treaties: Allies vs. Central Powers, Archduke Ferdinand assassinated

XII.B.2

The Western Front and Eastern Front

XII.B.3

War of attrition and the scale of losses: Battle of the Marne (1914), new war technologies (for example, machine guns, tanks, airplanes, submarines), trench warfare

XII.B.4

U.S. neutrality ends: sinking of the Lusitania; Germany reinstates unrestricted submarine warfare; Zimmermann’s telegram; “Make the world safe for democracy ”

XII.B.5

America in World War I: Two million U.S. soldiers; segregated Black American units; death toll

XII.B.6

Armistice Day, Nov. 11, 1918, abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II

XII.B.7

Treaty of Versailles, New central European states and national boundaries, German reparations and disarmament

XII.B.8

Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points, League of Nations, concept of collective security

XII.C.1

Largely agrarian society made up of poor, struggling peasants ruled by Tsar Nicholas II

XII.C.2

Tensions in the Russian identity: Westernizers vs. traditionalists

XII.C.3

Revolution of 1905, “Bloody Sunday,” Russo-Japanese War

XII.C.4

The last czar: Nicholas II and Alexandra

XII.C.5

Economic strains of World War I

XII.C.6

Revolutions of 1917: March Revolution ousts Czar; October Revolution: Bolsheviks, Lenin and revolutionary Marxism

XII.C.7

Civil War: Bolsheviks defeat Czarist counterrevolution, Bolsheviks become the Communist Party, creation of the Soviet Union

XIII.A.1

Isolationism: restrictions on immigration, Red Scare, Sacco and Vanzetti, Ku Klux Klan

XIII.A.2

The “Roaring Twenties”: flappers, prohibition and gangsterism, St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, Al Capone

XIII.A.3

The Lost Generation: Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald

XIII.A.4

Scopes “Monkey Trial”

XIII.A.5

Women’s right to vote: Nineteenth Amendment

XIII.A.6

Harlem Renaissance

XIII.A.7

Technological advances: Henry Ford’s assembly line production, Model T

XIII.A.8

Residential electrification: mass ownership of radio, Will Rogers

XIII.A.9

Movies: from silent to sound, Charlie Chaplin

XIII.A.10

Pioneers of flight: Charles Lindbergh, Amelia Earhart

XIII.A.11

Decline of rural population

XIII.B.1

Wall Street stock market Crash of ’29, “Black Tuesday”

XIII.B.2

Hoover insists on European payment of war debts, Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act

XIII.B.3

Mass unemployment

XIII.B.4

Agricultural prices collapse following European peace

XIII.B.5

Factory mechanization eliminates jobs

XIII.B.6

Bonus Army

XIII.B.7

“Hoovervilles”

XIII.C.1

Franklin Delano Roosevelt: “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself”

XIII.C.2

New social welfare programs: Social Security

XIII.C.3

New regulatory agencies: Securities and Exchange Commission, National Labor Relations Board

XIII.C.4

Federal-government-owned corporation: Tennessee Valley Authority

XIII.C.5

Eleanor Roosevelt

XIII.C.6

Roosevelt’s use of executive power: “Imperial Presidency”, “court packing”

XIII.C.7

The Dust Bowl: “Okie” migration, John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath

XIII.C.8

Unions: John L. Lewis and the CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), A. Philip Randolph, Memorial Day Massacre

XIII.C.9

Protests: Huey Long, American Communist Party, Upton Sinclair

XIII.C.10

British economist John Maynard Keynes

XIV.A.1

Rising totalitarianism in Europe

XIV.A.2

Italy: Mussolini establishes fascism

XIV.A.3

Germany: Weimar Republic, economic repercussions of WWI; Adolf Hitler and the rise of Nazi totalitarianism: cult of the Führer (“leader”), Mein Kampf; Nazism and the ideology of fascism, in contrast to communism and democracy; Racial doctrines of the Nazis: anti-Semitism, the concept of Lebensraum (literally, “living space”) for the “master race,” Kristallnacht; The Third Reich before the War: Gestapo, mass propaganda, book burning

XIV.A.4

The Soviet Union: Communist totalitarianism: Josef Stalin, “Socialism in one country;” Collectivization of agriculture; The Great Purge

XIV.A.5

Spanish Civil War: Franco

XIV.B.1

Hitler defies Versailles Treaty: reoccupation of Rhineland, Anschluss, annexation of Austria

XIV.B.2

Appeasement: Munich Agreement, “peace in our time”

XIV.B.3

Soviet-Nazi Nonaggression Pact

XIV.B.4

Blitzkrieg: invasion of Poland, fall of France, Dunkirk

XIV.B.5

Battle of Britain: Winston Churchill, “nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat”

XIV.C.1

Isolationism: Neutrality Acts, America First movement

XIV.C.2

American Lend-Lease supplies

XIV.C.3

Hitler invades Soviet Union: battles of Leningrad and Stalingrad

XIV.C.4

The Holocaust: Millions killed, including six millions Jews; “final solution;” concentration camps

XIV.C.5

Four Freedoms Speech, Atlantic Charter, U.N.’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

XIV.D.1

Roosevelt applies economic pressure on Japan to leave China; embargo on sale of industrial machinery, aviation fuel, and scrap iron to Japan; freezing Japanese assets invested in the U.S.

XIV.D.2

Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)

XIV.D.3

U.S. mobilization for war: War Production Board; Roosevelt pledge that the U.S. would become “the arsenal of democracy”

XIV.D.4

Internment of Japanese Americans: 112,000 Japanese Americans (79,000 American citizens) placed in internment camps in the American West

XIV.D.5

Segregated Military: More than a million Black Americans and half-a-million Mexican Americans served in U.S. military during WWII; Tuskegee Airmen

XIV.D.6

War in Europe

XIV.D.7

War in the Pacific

XIV.E.1

Yalta and Potsdam Conference, Nuremberg war crimes trials

XIV.E.2

Creation of United Nations: Security Council, Universal Declaration of Human Rights

XIV.E.3

United States emerges as an economic powerhouse and a military superpower

XV.A.1

United States, “First World”; Soviet Union “Second World”

XV.A.2

Truman Doctrine, policy of containment of communism

XV.A.3

Formation of NATO, Warsaw Pact

XV.A.4

The “Iron Curtain” (Churchill)

XV.A.5

Post-WWII devastation in Europe, Marshall Plan, Bretton Woods Conference

XV.A.6

Berlin Airlift

XV.A.7

Soviet satellite states and repression

XV.A.8

Western fear of communist expansion, Soviet fear of capitalist influences

XV.B.1

1945: Division of North and South Korea

XV.B.2

Chinese entry, removal of MacArthur

XV.B.3

Partition of Korea, truce line near the 38th Parallel

XV.C.1

McCarthyism, House Un-American Activities Committee, “witch hunts,” Hollywood Blacklist; Spy cases: Alger Hiss, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

XV.C.2

The Eisenhower Years

XV.C.3

The Kennedy Years

XV.C.4

Space exploration, U.S. moon landing, Neil Armstrong

XV.C.5

American culture in the ’50s and ’60s, Levittown and the rise of the suburban lifestyle, automobile-centered city planning, Influence of television, Baby Boom generation, rock and roll, Woodstock festival, Twenty-sixth Amendment

XV.D.1

French Indochina War: Dien Bien Phu, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Cong

XV.D.2

Domino Theory

XV.D.3

U.S. takes charge of the war, Special Forces, Tonkin Gulf Resolution

XV.D.4

Tet Offensive, My Lai Massacre, “Agent Orange”

XV.D.5

Antiwar protests, Kent State, The Pentagon Papers

XV.D.6

American disengagement, Nixon’s “Vietnamization” policy, Kissinger, War Powers Act

XV.D.7

Watergate scandal, resignation of Nixon

XV.E.1

Segregation: Plessy v. Ferguson, doctrine of “separate but equal,” “Jim Crow” laws

XV.E.2

Post-war steps toward desegregation

XV.E.3

Murder of Emmett Till; Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott

XV.E.4

Southern “massive resistance”: Federal troops open schools in Little Rock, Arkansas, Murder of Medgar Evers; Alabama Governor George Wallace “stands in schoolhouse door”

XV.E.5

Nonviolent challenges to segregation:

XV.E.6

President Johnson and the civil rights movement

XV.E.7

Black American militancy

XV.E.8

Assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy

XVI.A.1

New technologies: Personal computers, cable television, video games, Internet, email

XVI.A.2

Medical advancements: MRI and CAT scan machines, mapping of the human genome

XVI.A.3

Shifts in pop culture: Advent of rap and hip hop, television that reflected divisions and social tensions in American society, introduction to the 24-hour news cycle (CNN)

XVI.B.1

American Indian Movement (AIM), Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, Russell Means and Dennis Banks

XVI.B.2

Ceasar Chavez and the United Farm Workers

XVI.B.3

Stonewall Riots

XVI.B.4

Feminist movement: “women’s liberation,” Betty Friedan, National Organization for Women, Roe v. Wade, Failure of the Equal Rights Amendment, Title IX

XVI.B.5

Civil Rights for Black Americans: Fair Housing Act, busing school children to achieve racial integration in public schools, Affirmative Action

XVI.B.6

Emergence of environmentalism: Rachel Carson, Silent Spring; Environmental Protection Agency; Earth Day; Clean Air and Water Acts; Disasters such as Love Canal, Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, Exxon Valdez; Climate change.

XVI.C.1

Gerald Ford, 38th President

XVI.C.2

Jimmy Carter, 39th President

XVI.C.3

Ronald Reagan, 40th President

XVI.C.4

George H. W. Bush, 41st President

XVI.C.5

Bill Clinton, 42nd President

XVII.A.1

Smart phones and social media

XVII.A.2

Changes and Challenges

XVII.A.3

Native Americans in the twenty-first century

XVII.B.1

Party Politics

XVII.B.2

George W. Bush, 43rd President

XVII.B.3

Barrack Obama, 44thPresident

XVII.B.4

Donald Trump, 45th President

XVII.B.5

Joe Biden, 46th President

I.A.1.1

Walking over a land bridge (Beringian Land Bridge Theory)

I.A.1.2

Walking across frozen waters and traveling by boat along coastal avenues (Kelp Highway Theory).

I.B.1.1

Skilled warriors, masons, weavers, artists

I.B.1.2

Accomplishments: built great cities (Machu Picchu, Cuzco), roads, irrigation systems

I.B.1.3

Emperor Atahualpa

I.B.2.1

Accomplishments as architects and artisans: pyramids and temples; Invented a written language, a 365-day calendar, and (was one of the earlier societies to conceive of the use of the number zero

I.B.2.2

Potential causes behind the Maya empire decline (extended drought, warfare, overpopulation)

I.B.3.1

A warrior culture

I.B.3.2

Accomplishments: aqueducts, massive temples

I.B.3.3

Emperor Moctezuma (also spelled Montezuma)

I.B.4.1

Pizzaro and Cortés

I.B.4.2

European weaponry (guns, cannons)

I.B.4.3

Disease (smallpox) devastates indigenous population due to lack of immunity.

I.C.1.1

Geographic features: mesas, canyons, plateaus

I.C.1.2

Ancestral Pueblo, cliff dwellers

I.C.1.3

Navajo, Diné “the people”

I.C.2.1

Haida

I.C.2.2

Inuit, “the people”

I.C.3.1

Eastern Woodlands, Lake Superior to the Atlantic Coast

I.C.4.1

Mound Builders (Midwest and Southeast)

I.C.4.2

Creek Confederacy

I.C.4.3

Cherokee

II.B.3.1

Diplomatic missions in service to Kublai Khan

II.B.3.2

The Travels of Marco Polo

II.D.2.1

Explorers: Giovanni da Verrazzano, Jacques Cartier, Samuel de Champlain

II.D.2.2

Fishing, fur trapping, and trading in Canada

II.D.2.3

Relationship with indigenous people and settlement of New France

II.D.3.1

Henry Hudson, the Hudson River

II.D.4.1

John Cabot, Newfoundland

III.B.2.1

1607: The London Company (later called the Virginia Company) established the colony of Jamestown.

III.B.2.2

Virginia climate; conflicts with Powhatan Confederacy; Chief Powhatan (Wahunsenacawh); Starving Time

III.B.2.3

Captain John Smith; as leader imposed mandatory work to support self-sufficiency and maintain peace with Powhatans

III.B.2.4

Pocahontas; daughter of Chief Powhatan; friendship with John Smith; marriage to John Rolfe

III.B.2.5

Discovery of (cash crop) tobacco, development of plantations

III.B.3.1

Named in honor of English Queen, Henrietta Maria

III.B.3.2

Granted to Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore (proprietary colony)

III.B.3.3

Haven for Roman Catholics

III.B.4.1

Colonists planted rice and sugarcane

III.B.5.1

Established as a colony for prisoners and debtors

III.B.5.2

General James Oglethorpe

III.B.6.1

1415: European involvement in the African slave trade

III.B.6.2

Plantations, labor-intensive work

III.B.6.3

1619: First enslaved Africans brought to Virginia

III.C.2.1

Pilgrims

III.C.2.2

Puritans

III.C.3.1

Anne Hutchinson

III.C.3.2

Roger Williams, Narragansett people

III.C.4.1

Thomas Hooker, Fundamental Orders

III.D.3.1

Dutch territories

III.D.4.1

William Penn

III.D.4.2

Quakers

III.D.4.3

Philadelphia, second-largest city in the British Empire

IV.B.1.1

Quartering Act

IV.B.1.2

Townshend Acts

IV.C.2.1

Ralph Waldo Emerson, The “shot heard ’round the world”

IV.C.2.2

Redcoats and Minutemen

IV.C.5.1

Primarily written by Thomas Jefferson

IV.C.5.2

Adopted July 4, 1776

IV.C.5.3

Use of the term, “Natural Rights”

IV.C.8.1

Majority of Black Americans supported the British side; Approximately five thousand fought on the colonists’ side.

IV.C.8.2

Salem Poor, Peter Salem

V.B.6.1

The Virginia Plan vs. the New Jersey Plan

V.B.6.2

Roger Sherman, bicameral system

V.B.6.3

Three-Fifths Compromise

V.B.6.4

September 17, 1787: signing of the new constitution

VI.A.4.1

Pierre L’Enfant and Benjamin Banneker

VI.A.4.2

Correspondence between Jefferson and Benjamin Banneker

VI.A.10.1

Presidency of “the common man”

VI.A.10.2

Native American removal policies (Indian Removal Act)

VII.A.3.1

Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, Sacagawea

VII.A.3.2

Continental Divide

VII.D.6.1

General Zachary Taylor

VII.D.6.2

Some Americans strongly oppose the war, Henry David Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience”

VII.D.6.3

Mexican lands ceded to the United States (California, Nevada, Utah, parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona)

VIII.B.3.1

North population twice as large, better equipment, more supplies, and greater access to railroad track

VIII.B.3.2

Most battles fought in Southern territory

VIII.C.1.5.1

Blanche K. Bruce, first Black American to be elected to a full term (Mississippi Senate)

VIII.C.1.7.1

New laws established against vagrancy, homelessness, unemployment, etc.,

VIII.C.1.7.2

Incarcerated Black men put to work to rebuild the South (e.g., infrastructure).

IX.A.2.1

Comstock Lode

IX.A.2.2

Cattle ranchers, the “long drive,” cowboys

IX.A.3.1

Labor: Chinese and Irish immigrants, Mexican Americans, Black Americans, Native Americans, and army veterans

X.B.1.1

American industry, producer of a third of the world’s manufactured goods

X.B.1.2

Mark Twain and Gilded Age: A Tale of Today

X.B.1.3

Urban corruption

X.B.2.1

Deplorable factory conditions

X.B.2.2

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Fair Labor Standards Act

X.B.2.3

Unions and Strikes

X.B.3.1

Entrepreneurs, “Captains of industry,” and “robber barons”

X.B.3.2

“Free enterprise” vs. government regulation

XI.A.1.1

Technological and scientific process

XI.A.1.2

Muckrakers

XI.A.1.3

Settlement houses: Hull House; Greenwich House

XI.A.1.4

Conservation and trust-busting

XI.A.1.5

John W. Burgess, What is Real Political Progress?, absolutism

XI.A.1.6

Laissez-faire

XI.A.4.1

“the capitalist system”

XI.A.4.2

Dorothea Dix and the treatment of the insane

XI.A.4.3

Horace Mann and public schools

XII.A.1.1

Anti-Imperialist League: Jane Addams, Mark Twain, and Andrew Carnegie

XII.A.1.2

Imperialists: Captain Mahan, Teddy Roosevelt, William McKinley, and James G. Blaine

XII.A.2.1

Explosion onboard the U.S.S. Maine anchored in Cuba’s Havana harbor

XII.A.2.2

Yellow Press: running sensational, exaggerated, or fabricated news stories; Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World newspaper and William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal newspaper

XII.A.2.3

José Martí

XII.A.2.4

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

XII.A.2.5

Spain gives the U.S. Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

XII.A.3.1

War for Filipino independence

XII.A.3.2

Deadly: 4,200 Americans and perhaps as many as 200,000 Filipinos killed

XII.A.3.3

1946: Philippines gained independence from U.S.

XIII.A.6.1

Black Americans exodus from segregated South to northern cities

XIII.A.6.2

Zora Neal Hurston, Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes

XIII.A.6.3

“The Jazz Age”: Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong Marcus Garvey

XIII.A.6.4

Marcus Garvey, Pan-Africanist and Black nationalist movement

XIV.D.2.1

Japanese attack on U.S. naval base, Pearl Harbor

XIV.D.2.2

Roosevelt: “a date which will live in infamy,”

XIV.D.3.1

Rationing on the home front: ration cards/stamps, “victory gardens,” collecting metal, rubber, clothing, and paper

XIV.D.3.2

Financing the war effort: war bonds, increased income taxes, federal deficit spending

XIV.D.3.3

Desegregation of defense industries, “Rosie the Riveter,” Double V campaign, Executive Order 8802

XIV.D.6.1

D-Day: Allied invasion of Normandy, General Dwight Eisenhower

XIV.D.6.2

Battle of the Bulge

XIV.D.6.3

Surrender of Germany, Soviet Army takes Berlin

XIV.D.7.1

Bataan Death March, kamikaze attacks

XIV.D.7.2

Battle of Midway

XIV.D.7.3

Island amphibious landings: Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima

XIV.D.7.4

Manhattan Project: nuclear bomb

XIV.D.7.5

Surrender of Japan: Atom bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Enola Gay, U.S. dictates pacifist constitution for Japan, Emperor Hirohito

XV.A.7.1

Eastern European resistance, Hungarian Revolution, Prague Spring

XV.A.7.2

Berlin Wall

XV.C.2.1

Secret operations, CIA, FBI’s anticommunist counterintelligence program, COINTELPRO, J. Edgar Hoover

XV.C.2.2

U-2 incident, Soviet Sputnik satellite, “Missile Gap”, Yuri Gagarin

XV.C.3.1

“Ask not what your country can do for you . . .”

XV.C.3.2

Attack on organized crime, Robert F. Kennedy

XV.C.3.3

Cuban Missile Crisis, Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs invasion

XV.C.3.4

Nuclear deterrence, “mutual assured destruction,” Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

XV.C.3.5

Kennedy assassination in 1963, Lee Harvey Oswald, Warren Commission

XV.E.2.1

Jackie Robinson breaks color barrier in baseball.

XV.E.2.2

Truman desegregates Armed Forces.

XV.E.2.3

Adam Clayton Powell, Harlem congressman

XV.E.2.4

Integration of public schools: Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Thurgood Marshall

XV.E.2.5

“Little Rock Nine;”

XV.E.5.1

Woolworth lunch counter sit-ins, “passive-resistance”

XV.E.5.2

CORE, Freedom riders, John Lewis

XV.E.5.3

Black voter registration drives

XV.E.5.4

Martin Luther King, Jr.

XV.E.6.1

The “Great Society,” “War on Poverty,” Medicare

XV.E.6.2

Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, affirmative action

XV.E.7.1

Malcolm X

XV.E.7.2

Black Power, Black Panthers

XV.E.7.3

Watts and Newark riots

XVI.C.1.1

“Whip Inflation Now” (WIN), stagflation

XVI.C.1.2

Energy Policy Conservation Act

XVI.C.2.1

Camp David Accords

XVI.C.2.2

Withdrawal from the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II), embargo of American grain shipments to the U.S.S.R

XVI.C.2.3

Tehran hostage crisis

XVI.C.3.1

The “New Right,” Reaganomics, national debt

XVI.C.3.2

Court appointments

XVI.C.3.3

The “Great Communicator”

XVI.C.3.4

HIV/AIDS epidemic

XVI.C.3.5

Relations between the U.S. and Soviet Union, nuclear arms reduction treaty

XVI.C.3.6

Iran-Contra Affair

XVI.C.4.1

End of the Cold War, Fall of the Berlin Wall

XVI.C.4.2

Tiananmen Square, end to apartheid and release of Nelson Mandela, Los Angles riots

XVI.C.4.3

The Gulf War: Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, Saddam Hussain, “Operation Desert Storm”

XVI.C.5.1

NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement)

XVI.C.5.2

Newt Gingrich, “Contract with America”

XVI.C.5.3

Interventions in Somalia and the Balkans: “Black Hawk Down,” the Dayton Accords

XVI.C.5.4

Terrorism: 1993 truck bombing at the World Trade Center; U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania; bombing outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City

XVI.C.5.5

Impeachment

XVII.A.1.1

2007: Introduction of the iPhone and “smartphone revolution”

XVII.A.1.2

Social media giants: Facebook (2004), Twitter (2006), Instagram (2010), TikTok (2016)

XVII.A.2.1

Technological change, globalization, and the decline of unions contribute to U.S.’s growing economic divide; “Hollowing out of the middle class”

XVII.A.2.2

Trade tensions between the U.S. and China

XVII.A.2.3

Climate Change

XVII.A.2.4

Social and racial inequities and the fight for equal rights

XVII.A.3.1

Native American pride and heritage celebrations

XVII.A.3.2

Way of life: successes and continued struggles

XVII.A.3.3

President Obama describes poverty and high school dropout rate among Native Americans as “a moral call to action.”

XVII.B.1.1

The Republican Party: strength among conservative voters in rural areas across much of the South and Midwest

XVII.B.1.2

The Democratic Party: strength among moderate and liberal voters in urban areas in Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, and West Coast states

XVII.B.1.3

Gerrymandering

XVII.B.2.1

Election of 2000

XVII.B.2.2

Court appointees

XVII.B.2.3

Tax cuts, national debt

XVII.B.2.4

No Child Left Behind

XVII.B.2.5

September 11, 2001 terrorist attack, Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda, “war against terrorism”

XVII.B.2.6

Iraq War, Weapons of Mass Destruction, Hussein overthrown

XVII.B.2.7

USA Patriot Act, Department of Homeland Security

XVII.B.2.8

Hurricane Katrina

XVII.B.2.9

The “Great Recession”

XVII.B.3.1

First Black American president in U.S. history

XVII.B.3.2

Court appointees

XVII.B.3.3

The “Great Recession,” Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

XVII.B.3.4

Affordable Care Act (“Obamacare”)

XVII.B.3.5

Use of drones; counterattacks against ISIL

XVII.B.3.6

Iran Nuclear Deal

XVII.B.3.7

U.S. relations with Cuba

XVII.B.3.8

Paris Climate Agreement, Climate Action Plan

XVII.B.4.1

Tax cuts, increased military spending, protectionist on trade

XVII.B.4.2

Court appointees

XVII.B.4.3

Pulled the U.S. out of the Paris Climate Agreement and Iran Nuclear deal

XVII.B.4.4

Impeachment

XVII.B.5.1

Oldest president in U.S. history

XVII.B.5.2

Kamala Harris, first female, first Black American, and first Asian American to serve as Vice President in U.S. history

I.B.3.3.1

Practice of human sacrifice

I.B.3.3.2

Aztec gods: Huitzilopochtli and Quetzalcoatl

I.C.1.2.1

“Four Corners”

I.C.1.2.2

Potential causes of decline (thin soil, extended drought)

I.C.1.2.3

Descendants: Pima, Zuni

I.C.1.3.1

Farmers, shepherds, silversmiths

I.C.2.1.1

Totem poles

I.C.2.2.1

Igloos, ice fishing (freezing fish)

I.C.3.1.1

“The three sisters,” corn, beans, and squash

I.C.3.1.2

Wigwams, longhouses

I.C.3.1.3

Mahican

I.C.3.1.4

Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy, system of government

I.C.3.1.5

Five Nations: Mohawk, the Onondaga, the Seneca, the Oneida, and the Cayuga

I.C.4.1.1

Farmers; built cities, roads, and marketplaces

I.C.4.1.2

Potential cause of decline (foreign disease)

I.C.4.1.3

Descendants: Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, and Seminoles

I.C.4.3.1

Sequoyah, created written language of Cherokee; legends

I.C.4.3.2

Shared Cultural Traits

III.B.6.1.1

Prince Henry of Portugal

III.B.6.1.2

The Middle Passage

III.B.6.1.3

Elmina Castle (Ghana)

III.B.6.2.1

Enslaved indigenous people used to provide labor but many die (lack of resistance to foreign disease and war); Portuguese and Spanish import enslaved people to provide the labor

III.B.6.2.2

English first use enslaved people to provide labor in colonized islands in the Caribbean.

III.B.6.2.3

Dutch take over the spice trade and much of the Atlantic slave trade.

III.C.2.1.1

Mayflower Compact, common house, Wampanoag people

III.C.2.1.2