Standard set
US History to 1877 8101 AS Level (2027-2029)
Standards
Showing 311 of 311 standards.
Assessment objectives
1
The American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1846–77
2
Indigenous Societies, European Colonization, and the Atlantic World, c.1400s–c.1800
3
The American Revolution and the Emergence of a New Nation, c.1765–c.1815
4
A Changing New Nation, c.1820–c.1850
5
The Impacts of Expansion, c.1800–77
AO1
Historical knowledge
AO2
Historical explanation, analysis and judgement
AO3
Historical sources
1.1
How and why did sectional divisions widen between 1846 and 1861, resulting in the American Civil War?
1.2
How far did the Civil War transform the lives of Americans?
1.3
What were the aims of Reconstruction and how successful was it?
2.1
How and why did indigenous peoples and Europeans impact each other in North America?
2.2
Why did distinct colonial societies and economies develop in North America?
2.3
How and why did the Atlantic World shape the British colonies in North America?
3.1
Why did the Patriots desire independence from Great Britain?
3.2
How and why did different groups of people support the Patriots during the American Revolution, 1776–83?
3.3
Why did political parties emerge in the US after the American Revolution and how did they evolve in the early-nineteenth century?
4.1
How and why did politics in the US change from 1820 to 1850?
4.2
Why did a wave of reform movements emerge in the antebellum period from 1820 to 1850 and how successful were they?
4.3
Why did the debate over slavery intensify from 1820 to 1850?
5.1
Why and how did the Market Revolution impact the US economy and society from 1820 to 1850?
5.2
Why did westward expansion impact US politics and culture in the mid-nineteenth century?
5.3
How and why did US expansionism impact indigenous peoples from 1815 to 1877?
AO1.1
Recall, select and use appropriate historical knowledge.
AO2.1
Identify, explain and analyse the past using historical concepts:
AO2.2
Explain and analyse connections between different aspects of the past.
AO2.3
Reach a judgement.
AO3.1
Understand, analyse, evaluate and interpret a range of historical sources in context.
1.1.A
The impact of westward expansion and Manifest Destiny on sectionalism
1.1.B
Increasing political prominence of the debate over slavery during the 1850s
1.1.C
Increasing radicalism on both sides of the debate over slavery
1.1.D
The outbreak of the American Civil War
1.2.A
Overview of the course of the Civil War
1.2.B
Americans and the military experience
1.2.C
Race relations and the Civil War
1.2.D
Economic and social impacts of the Civil War
1.3.A
The early years of Reconstruction and its effects
1.3.B
Radical Reconstruction and its effects (also known as Congressional Reconstruction), 1867–72
1.3.C
Social and economic changes in the South during Reconstruction
1.3.D
Reasons for the decline of Reconstruction
2.1.A
Regional groups of indigenous peoples across North America and their lifestyles prior to the arrival of Europeans
2.1.B
Causes and impacts of indigenous alliances with other indigenous peoples and with Europeans
2.1.C
Causes and impacts of conflicts between indigenous peoples and Europeans
2.1.D
Cultural and material exchanges between indigenous peoples and Europeans
2.2.A
Motivations for European colonization of the Americas
2.2.B
European claims to North American territory
2.2.C
Comparison of political power structures, economic systems, and race relations between the European colonies
2.2.D
Regional distinctions in demographic makeup, economic structures, and political structures in British America
2.3.A
Mercantilism and salutary neglect
2.3.B
Intellectual transatlantic exchanges in the British colonies
2.3.C
The trafficking of enslaved people from Africa in the Atlantic World
2.3.D
The experiences of enslaved peoples
3.1.A
Impacts of the French and Indian War, 1754–63
3.1.B
End of salutary neglect and the impact of new laws
3.1.C
Ideological roots of the American Revolution
3.1.D
The ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence
3.2.A
otivations for and impacts of military participation of African Americans
3.2.B
Role of women in the American Revolution
3.2.C
Motivations for and impacts of military participation of foreign nations
3.2.D
Indigenous groups’ alliances in the Revolutionary War and impact of American victory on indigenous people’s lands
3.3.A
The emergence of divisions in the debates surrounding the creation of the US Constitution
3.3.B
The development of formal political parties
3.3.C
Major political issues of the “Federalist Era” of the 1790s
3.3.D
Major political issues of the “Age of Jefferson”, 1800–15
4.1.A
The emergence of the “Era of the Common Man”
4.1.B
Presidential policies of Andrew Jackson
4.1.C
Key ideas and political issues of the Democrats and Whigs
4.1.D
Role of third parties, 1820–50
4.2.A
Influence of the Second Great Awakening
4.2.B
rowth of transcendentalism and utopian societies
4.2.C
Women’s rights
4.2.D
Temperance
4.3.A
Growing popularity of abolitionism
4.3.B
Arguments of the abolitionists
4.3.C
Arguments used by supporters of slavery
5.1.A
Uneven process of industrialization and infrastructure development
5.1.B
Impacts of the Market Revolution on US society
5.1.C
Causes of and impacts of immigration and migration in the antebellum period
5.2.A
Political debates and the acquisition of new territories
5.2.B
Impact on the political system (practical application of the US Constitution) and the balance of sectional interests
5.2.C
Experiences of frontier migration
5.3.A
Causes of and impacts of the Seminole Wars
5.3.B
The Indian Removal Act and its impacts
5.3.C
The deterioration of indigenous homelands, power, and rights
5.3.D
Causes and impacts of conflict on the Plains
AO2.1.A
cause and consequence
AO2.1.B
change and continuity
AO2.1.C
significance.
1.1.A.1
Debate over the lands of the Mexican Cession
1.1.A.2
The Calhoun Doctrine and states’ rights
1.1.A.3
The Compromise of 1850
1.1.A.4
The Kansas–Nebraska Act and Bleeding Kansas
1.1.B.1
Debate over the Fugitive Slave Act and reactions to it
1.1.B.2
Reactions to the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1.1.B.3
Formation of the Republican Party
1.1.B.4
The impacts of the Dred Scott decision
1.1.B.5
The Lincoln–Douglas debates
1.1.C.1
John Brown and Harpers Ferry
1.1.C.2
Radical abolitionism (including the influence of William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and the Liberty Party)
1.1.C.3
Radical proslavery groups (including Fire-Eaters)
1.1.D.1
The presidential election of 1860
1.1.D.2
First wave of secession and the formation of the Confederacy
1.1.D.3
Reactions to the Battle of Fort Sumter
1.1.D.4
Second wave of secession.
1.2.A.1
Changes in military strategies throughout the war
1.2.A.2
Key battles (e.g., Antietam, September 1862; Gettysburg, July 1863; Siege of Vicksburg, May–July 1863; and Atlanta, July 1864)
1.2.A.3
Reasons for Union victory (including industrial capacity, increased manpower, infrastructure, and military leadership)
1.2.A.4
Destruction of the South and human loss
1.2.A.5
Situation in the North and the South at the end of the war
1.2.B.1
Daily experiences of soldiers in the North and South
1.2.B.2
Contributions and experiences of African American soldiers
1.2.B.3
Women’s military contributions in the Civil War (e.g., experiences of women of different ethnicities, women’s contributions to military camps, women as nurses, women as spies, and women as soldiers)
1.2.B.4
Hispanic American military contributions to both sides
1.2.B.5
Indigenous peoples and the Civil War (e.g., indigenous soldiers, indigenous alliances with the Union and the Confederacy, the split in the Cherokee Nation over alliances, and loss of territory following the war)
1.2.C.1
Race riots and racial tensions in the North and Southwest
1.2.C.2
Pressure from enslaved persons, abolitionists, and Congress to eliminate slavery
1.2.C.3
Lincoln’s motivations for the Emancipation Proclamation
1.2.C.4
The impacts of the Emancipation Proclamation
1.2.C.5
Life in contraband camps
1.2.D.1
Class conflicts
1.2.D.2
Resistance to conscription
1.2.D.3
Bread riots, inflation, and shortages in the South
1.2.D.4
Changes in gender roles on the homefronts.
1.3.A.1
Congressional focus on development of the west (including the passage of the Homestead Act, 1862, and the Pacific Railway Act, 1862)
1.3.A.2
The Reconstruction approaches of Lincoln and Johnson
1.3.A.3
Use of Black Codes
1.3.A.4
Johnson’s opposition to Congressional plans and pardoning of former Confederates
1.3.B.1
Reconstruction Amendments
1.3.B.2
Military Reconstruction Acts
1.3.B.3
Impeachment charges against Johnson
1.3.C.1
Rebuilding the infrastructure and economy
1.3.C.2
“Carpetbaggers” and “scalawags”
1.3.C.3
Impacts of the Freedmen’s Bureau
1.3.C.4
African American political participation
1.3.C.5
Systems that limited African American prosperity (including sharecropping and the convict leasing system)
1.3.D.1
Southern political resistance and domestic terrorism (e.g., literacy tests, grandfather clauses, poll taxes, and the Ku Klux Klan)
1.3.D.2
High costs and economic instability
1.3.D.3
Role of the Compromise of 1877
1.3.D.4
Weakening of Reconstruction by the Supreme Court (including the Slaughter-House Cases, 1873; U.S. v. Reese, 1876; and U.S. v. Cruickshank, 1876)
1.3.D.5
The memory of Reconstruction in the South (e.g., the “Lost Cause” and “Southern Myth”).
2.1.A.1
Groups of eastern North America and the Great Lakes
2.1.A.2
Groups of the Great Basin and the Plains
2.1.A.3
Groups of the Southeast
2.1.A.4
Groups of the Southwest
2.1.A.5
Groups of the Pacific Coast
2.1.B.1
Powhatan Chiefdoms
2.1.B.2
Formation of the Iroquois Confederacy
2.1.B.3
Iroquois Confederacy alliance with the British
2.1.B.4
Algonquin-speaking tribes allied with the French and/or Spanish
2.1.C.1
Iroquois Wars, also known as the “Beaver Wars”, 1603–1701
2.1.C.2
Pequot War, 1636–38
2.1.C.3
Metacom’s War, 1675–78
2.1.C.4
Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676–77
2.1.C.5
Pueblo Revolt, 1680
2.1.D.1
Transculturation between indigenous peoples and Europeans (e.g., use of horses and exchange of glass beads)
2.1.D.2
Loss of indigenous territories to European powers
2.1.D.3
Spread of disease amongst indigenous populations.
2.2.A.1
The establishment of trade routes
2.2.A.2
Accessing natural resources
2.2.A.3
National power and wealth
2.2.A.4
Religious impulses
2.2.B.1
Role of the early explorers (e.g., Juan Ponce de León, Giovanni da Verrazzano, Jacques Cartier, Hernando de Soto, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, and Henry Hudson)
2.2.B.2
Spanish settlements (including New Spain and Florida)
2.2.B.3
French settlements (including Louisiana and New France)
2.2.B.4
British settlements (including British America)
2.2.C.1
British colonies
2.2.C.2
French colonies
2.2.C.3
Spanish colonies
2.2.C.4
Dutch colonies
2.2.D.1
Northern colonies
2.2.D.2
Middle colonies
2.2.D.3
Southern colonies.
2.3.A.1
Navigation Acts, 1651–73
2.3.A.2
Restraining Acts, 1699–1750
2.3.A.3
Economic importance of Triangular Trade
2.3.B.1
The ideas of the Enlightenment
2.3.B.2
Importance of transatlantic print culture
2.3.B.3
The First Great Awakening, 1730s–1740s
2.3.B.4
Anglicization
2.3.C.1
Impacts of the development of plantation agriculture
2.3.C.2
The African slave trade and the middle passage
2.3.C.3
The development of race-based chattel slavery
2.3.D.1
The development of distinct communities among enslaved people (e.g., Gullah Geechee and Maroon communities)
2.3.D.2
Daily lives of people enslaved on plantations
2.3.D.3
Resistance and rebellions (e.g., the Stono Rebellion, 1739).
3.1.A.1
Land gains from the British victory in the war
3.1.A.2
The Proclamation Line of 1763
3.1.A.3
British finances
3.1.A.4
Colonists’ opinions of the British army following the war
3.1.B.1
New laws in 1764–65 (including the Sugar Act, 1764; the Currency Act, 1764; the Quartering Act, 1765; and the Stamp Act, 1765)
3.1.B.2
The Townshend Acts, 1767
3.1.B.3
The Tea Act, the Boston Tea Party, and the Intolerable Acts, 1773–74
3.1.B.4
The First Continental Congress, 1774, and the initial meetings of the Second Continental Congress, 1775–76
3.1.C.1
The influence of Enlightenment ideas about natural rights and the social contract (including John Locke and his Treatise on Civil Government)
3.1.C.2
Developing American identity
3.1.C.3
The influence of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, 1776
3.1.D.1
The preamble and the reasons for wanting independence
3.1.D.2
The declaration of natural and unalienable rights
3.1.D.3
The list of grievances
3.1.D.4
The declaration that the colonies are now independent from Great Britain.
3.2.A.1
Patriotism amongst the African American population
3.2.A.2
Importance of opportunities to gain freedom for enslaved men
3.2.A.3
Military roles of African American men
3.2.A.4
Long-term treatment of African American veterans (e.g., pensions, voting rights in certain states, and eventual ban from military service)
3.2.B.1
Homespun and Boycotts
3.2.B.2
Women as nurses
3.2.B.3
Daughters of Liberty
3.2.B.4
Republican Motherhood
3.2.B.5
Contributions of African American women
3.2.C.1
Desires of Spain and France to regain lands lost to Britain in previous conflicts
3.2.C.2
Conflict between Britain and the Netherlands
3.2.C.3
Benefits for the Patriot cause (e.g., assistance from the French army and navy, supply of Dutch weapons, provision of Spanish gold, and distraction of British forces)
3.2.D.1
Desire of indigenous groups to retain control over their lands
3.2.D.2
The division of the Iroquois Confederacy
3.2.D.3
Indigenous peoples’ roles in the war effort (e.g., roles as scouts, soldiers, and diplomats)
3.2.D.4
Loss of indigenous lands following the peace settlement.
3.3.A.1
The Articles of Confederation and their weaknesses
3.3.A.2
Debates at the Annapolis Convention, 1786, and the Constitutional Convention, 1787
3.3.A.3
The Virginia Plan v. the New Jersey Plan and The Great Compromise
3.3.A.4
Debates over slavery, the Three-Fifths’ Compromise, and the Slave Trade Clause
3.3.A.5
Debates over ratification and the addition of a Bill of Rights (including the views of the Antifederalists and the Federalists, 1787–91)
3.3.B.1
Leadership of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson
3.3.B.2
Ideologies and policies of the Federalist Party
3.3.B.3
Ideologies and policies of the Democratic Republican Party
3.3.C.1
Debate over liberty v. order
3.3.C.2
Debate over responses to the Whiskey Rebellion
3.3.C.3
Impacts of the Alien and Sedition Acts
3.3.C.4
Debate over the US’s reactions to the French Revolution
3.3.D.1
Impressment/violations of American neutrality
3.3.D.2
The Louisiana Purchase, 1803
3.3.D.3
The Marshall Court
3.3.D.4
The War of 1812, 1812–15.
4.1.A.1
Spread of universal white manhood suffrage laws
4.1.A.2
Revisions of state constitutions to exclude women and free African Americans from voting
4.1.A.3
Changes in political campaign tactics to appeal to new voters
4.1.B.1
The Bank War
4.1.B.2
Use of veto
4.1.B.3
Patronage
4.1.B.4
The Nullification Crisis
4.1.C.1
Debates over internal improvements (including Henry Clay’s American System)
4.1.C.2
Debates over federal v. state power
4.1.C.3
Debates over tariffs
4.1.C.4
Debates regarding territorial expansion
4.1.D.1
Anti-Masonic Party
4.1.D.2
Liberty Party
4.1.D.3
Nativists and the Know-Nothing Party
4.1.D.4
Free Soil Party.
4.2.A.1
The emergence of new religious denominations
4.2.A.2
The importance of evangelical ideas (including free will and the availability of salvation to all people)
4.2.A.3
The spread of evangelical ideas through camp meetings and revivals
4.2.B.1
The importance of criticisms of the social changes caused by the Market Revolution
4.2.B.2
The influence of key figures (including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller)
4.2.B.3
Attempts to build new societies (e.g., Brook Farm, the Shakers, and New Harmony)
4.2.C.1
Increasing activism of women and connections of women’s rights with other movements
4.2.C.2
Ambitions to improve women’s legal and political status (e.g., laws to permit women to own property, laws to allow married women to testify in court, the ability for women to initiate lawsuits, and end to inferior pay for female teachers)
4.2.C.3
Demands for women’s suffrage (including the Seneca Falls Convention and the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions)
4.2.D.1
The influence of religious desires to improve society’s moral condition
4.2.D.2
The Saratoga Springs meeting and the formation of the American Temperance Union, 1826
4.2.D.3
Proposals for temperance laws.
4.3.A.1
Importance of African Americans to the abolitionist movement
4.3.A.2
Influence of the Second Great Awakening on abolitionism
4.3.A.3
Importance of women to the abolitionist movement
4.3.A.4
Role of abolitionist newspapers and autobiographies of formerly enslaved people
4.3.A.5
Significance of potential expansion of slavery into new territories
4.3.B.1
Religious and moral opposition
4.3.B.2
Philosophical links to Enlightenment ideas about natural rights and how enslavement violated those rights
4.3.B.3
The economic argument that slavery undermined the value of wage labor
4.3.B.4
Debates amongst abolitionists about how to achieve their goals
4.3.C.1
Importance of slavery to Southern culture
4.3.C.2
Emphasis on the significance of enslaved labor in regional and national economies
4.3.C.3
Assertion that slavery was a property right protected by the Constitution
4.3.C.4
Religious justifications.
5.1.A.1
Development of railways, roads, and canals
5.1.A.2
Regional differences in development
5.1.A.3
The role of cotton in regional, national, and global economies
5.1.B.1
Changes in ideas about individual self-sufficiency
5.1.B.2
The changing role of women in the workplace
5.1.B.3
Increases in the overall standard of living
5.1.B.4
Role of class differences
5.1.C.1
Origins of immigrants
5.1.C.2
Reasons for and impacts of migration to the west (including Manifest Destiny, the Gold Rush, job opportunities, increased speed of transportation, federal policies, and cheap land)
5.1.C.3
Problems that emerged in cities
5.1.C.4
Rise of nativism and local anti-immigrant laws (e.g., anti-Chinese attitudes and anti-immigrant policies in California).
5.2.A.1
Debates over the acquisition of Florida, 1819
5.2.A.2
Debates over the annexation of Texas, 1845
5.2.A.3
Debates about involvement in the Mexican–American War, 1846–48
5.2.A.4
Debates about the acquisition of Oregon, 1848
5.2.B.1
The concept of the balance of power in Congress
5.2.B.2
The Missouri Compromise, 1820
5.2.B.3
Lands gained in the Mexican–American War’s potential to upset the balance of power
5.2.C.1
The challenges of the Oregon Trail
5.2.C.2
The cultural climate of the Gold Rush
5.2.C.3
Clashes between settlers and indigenous peoples
5.2.C.4
Treatment of people of Hispanic heritage following the Mexican–American War
5.2.C.5
Treatment of peoples of Asian heritage.
5.3.A.1
Conflict in Spanish Florida, 1817–18
5.3.A.2
Treaty of Payne’s Landing, 1832
5.3.A.3
The Second and Third Seminole Wars, 1835–58
5.3.A.4
Black Seminoles
5.3.B.1
Motivations for passage of the act
5.3.B.2
Legal challenges (including Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia, 1831, and Worchester v. Georgia, 1832)
5.3.B.3
The Trail of Tears, 1838–39
5.3.C.1
Key federal policies and the creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1824, and the 1851 Indian Appropriations Act
5.3.C.2
Impacts of the Homestead Act of 1862 and the completion of the transcontinental railroad on indigenous peoples
5.3.C.3
The impacts of the reservation system
5.3.C.4
Americanization and boarding schools
5.3.D.1
Sand Creek Massacre, 1864
5.3.D.2
Red Cloud’s War, 1866–68
5.3.D.3
Red River War, 1874–75
5.3.D.4
Great Sioux War, 1876–77.