Standard set
US History Since 1877 8102 AS Level (2027-2029)
Standards
Showing 325 of 325 standards.
Assessment objectives
1
The Gilded Age and Progressive Era
2
American Imperialism, the First World War, and the 1920s
3
The Great Depression, the Second World War, and the Early Cold War
4
The Development of the US in the 1960s and 1970s
5
The Modern US, 1980–2008
AO1
Historical knowledge
AO2
Historical explanation, analysis and judgement
1.1
What were the impacts of rapid economic growth in the US during the Gilded Age?
1.2
What were the main aims and policies of the Progressive Movement?
1.3
How successful was the Progressive Movement up to 1920?
2.1
What were the causes and consequences of US territorial expansion in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries?
2.2
Why did the US enter the First World War and how did the war impact Americans?
2.3
What were the causes and impacts of economic and cultural changes in the 1920s?
3.1
What were the causes and impacts of the Great Depression and New Deal?
3.2
Why and how did US foreign policy evolve between 1935 and 1959?
3.3
Why and how far did US society change in the 1940s and 1950s?
4.1
Why and how did US approaches to the Cold War change between 1961 and 1979?
4.2
Why and how did politics in the US evolve between 1960 and 1979?
4.3
Why and how far did the position of minorities improve in the US between 1960 and 1979?
5.1
Why and how did the global role of the US evolve between 1980 and 2008?
5.2
Why and how did US politics change between 1980 and 2008?
5.3
Why and how far did US society change between 1980 and 2008?
AO1.1
Recall, select and use appropriate historical knowledge.
AO2.1
Identify, explain and analyse the past using historical concepts:
AO2.2
Explain and analyse connections between different aspects of the past.
AO2.3
Reach a judgement.
1.1.A
Urbanization and immigration, and their impacts
1.1.B
Growth of monopolies/trusts, corporations, and robber barons
1.1.C
Rise of labor unions and significant strikes
1.1.D
Rural reactions to industrialization
1.2.A
Eliminating political corruption
1.2.B
egulation of monopolies and private corporations
1.2.C
Temperance and prohibition
1.2.D
Women’s suffrage
1.3.A
Achievements and limitations of the progressive presidents
1.3.B
Reasons for constitutional reforms and their impacts
1.3.C
Limits of the Progressive movement and their impacts
1.3.D
Race relations in the Progressive Era
2.1.A
Economic, cultural, and nationalist motivations for territorial acquisitions
2.1.B
Role of Theodore Roosevelt
2.1.C
Direction of US foreign policy, 1909–21
2.1.D
Debates over imperialism
2.2.A
Early reactions of the US to the outbreak of the First World War
2.2.B
Mobilization for war
2.2.C
Experiences of Americans during the First World War
2.3.A
Causes and effects of the economic boom in the 1920s
2.3.B
Impacts of prohibition and the rise of organized crime
2.3.C
“Modernity” v. “Tradition”
2.3.D
Race relations and activism in the 1920s
3.1.A
The causes and impacts of the Great Depression
3.1.B
Responses of the Hoover administration
3.1.C
The policies and impacts of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “New Deal”
3.1.D
Opposition to the New Deal and its impact
3.2.A
Early US reactions to the outbreak of the Second World War and reasons for US entry
3.2.B
The growth and development of the Cold War
3.2.C
The US and communism in the 1950s
3.2.D
The Cold War policies of the Eisenhower administration
3.3.A
Economic developments and their impact on society, 1945–59
3.3.B
Return to traditional, conservative family norms after the Second World War
3.3.C
The impacts of the Second Red Scare, 1946–53
3.3.D
The civil rights movement, 1939–59
4.1.A
oreign policy under Kennedy
4.1.B
The impacts of the Vietnam War
4.1.C
Role of détente
4.2.A
Changing domestic policies of the US presidents from 1960 to 1979
4.2.B
Evolution of the political spectrum in the mid-twentieth century
4.2.C
Role and impact of mass media (including the anti-war movement)
4.3.A
Growth and impacts of civil rights activism
4.3.B
Growth and impacts of feminism and passage of Title IX
4.3.C
Growth and impacts of the gay rights movement
4.3.D
Resistance to social changes
5.1.A
Re-escalation of the Cold War and the end of the Cold War
5.1.B
Impacts of globalization on US foreign policy
5.1.C
Post-Cold War developments
5.1.D
The impacts of the 9/11 attacks and the War on Terror
5.2.A
Evolution of political trends from 1980 to 1992
5.2.B
The role of the Clinton administration
5.2.C
The role of the George W. Bush administration
5.2.D
Reasons for the election of Obama in 2008
5.3.A
Development and impact of new technology and the digital revolution
5.3.B
Development of multiculturalism and an increasingly diverse population
5.3.C
Civil rights and race relations from 1980 to 2008
5.3.D
Debates over social changes
AO2.1.A
cause and consequence
AO2.1.B
change and continuity
AO2.1.C
significance.
1.1.A.1
Reasons for population growth in the cities and problems caused by it (including housing and transportation issues, health and sanitation issues, and crime)
1.1.A.2
Immigration from Asia, Eastern and Southern Europe, and Mexico
1.1.A.3
Tensions between “New” and “Old” immigrants
1.1.A.4
Impacts of nativism and the Americanization movement
1.1.A.5
Anti-immigrant Legislation (including the Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882; the Gentlemen’s Agreement, 1907; and the Immigration Act of 1917)
1.1.B.1
Vertical and horizontal integration
1.1.B.2
Major industrialists of the period (including Andrew Carnegie, J. P. Morgan, and John D. Rockefeller)
1.1.B.3
Impacts of business associations and lobbying on US politics
1.1.C.1
Industrial working conditions
1.1.C.2
Significant unions, the composition of their members, and their aims (e.g., the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor, and the International Workers of the World)
1.1.C.3
Differing opinions over gender, race, and immigration within labor unions
1.1.C.4
Significant events and their impacts (including the Great Railroad Strike of 1877; the Haymarket Affair, May 1886; the Pullman Strike, May–July 1894; and the Coal Strike, May–October 1902)
1.1.D.1
Native American resistance to urbanization and industrialization in the West (including responses to the Dawes Act, 1887; the Wounded Knee Massacre, 1890; and the American Indian boarding schools)
1.1.D.2
Reactions of “cowboys” to increased development in the West
1.1.D.3
Reasons for the migration of Exodusters to the West
1.1.D.4
The Grange Movement and the creation of farmers’ alliances
1.1.D.5
The rise of the Populists and the goals of the Populist Party.
1.2.A.1
Limits on party machines and bosses
1.2.A.2
Fostering efficiency in government
1.2.A.3
Role of muckrakers in exposing corruption
1.2.B.1
Antitrust legislation (including the Sherman Antitrust Act, July 1890; the Federal Trade Commission Act, September 1914; and the Clayton Act, October 1914)
1.2.B.2
Regulating products (including the Pure Food and Drug Act, June 1906, and the Meat Inspection Act, June 1906)
1.2.B.3
Regulating child labor (including the Keating-Owen Act, September 1916, and Hammer v. Dagenhart, 1918)
1.2.C.1
Role of key leaders (including Frances Willard and Carrie Nation)
1.2.C.2
The Women’s Christian Temperance Movement
1.2.C.3
The Anti-Saloon League
1.2.D.1
Growth of women’s suffrage associations in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
1.2.D.2
Role and influence of leaders (e.g., Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucy Stone)
1.2.D.3
Carrie Chapman Catt and her “Winning Plan” v. Alice Paul and the Congressional Union
1.2.D.4
Reasons for changing attitudes of politicians to the suffrage campaign (including women’s role in the First World War).
1.3.A.1
Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”
1.3.A.2
Taft’s economic policies
1.3.A.3
Wilson’s “New Freedom”
1.3.B.1
16th Amendment
1.3.B.2
17th Amendment
1.3.B.3
18th Amendment
1.3.B.4
19th Amendment
1.3.C.1
The degree to which Progressives addressed the problems of the age (including urban conditions)
1.3.C.2
Impact of Social Darwinism
1.3.C.3
The continuing challenges to political equality
1.3.D.1
The impacts of segregation (including Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896)
1.3.D.2
Race riots and lynching of African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and Native Americans
1.3.D.3
Civil rights activism (including the roles of Booker T. Washington, Ida B. Wells, W. E. B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, the Niagara Movement, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA))
1.3.D.4
Resistance of and calls for reform amongst Native American groups (e.g., the formation of the Society of American Indians).
2.1.A.1
Manifest Destiny and the closing of the frontier
2.1.A.2
Desire for new markets and resources
2.1.A.3
Political interest and military motivations for overseas expansion
2.1.A.4
Causes and impacts of the Spanish–American War, April–December 1898
2.1.A.5
The impact of the idea of the “white man’s burden”
2.1.B.1
The Roosevelt Corollary
2.1.B.2
The construction of the Panama Canal, May 1904–August 1914
2.1.B.3
Expansion of the US Navy and the Great White Fleet
2.1.C.1
Dollar diplomacy under President Taft
2.1.C.2
Moral Diplomacy under President Wilson
2.1.C.3
US occupations and interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean
2.1.D.1
Anti-imperialist movement
2.1.D.2
Arguments of the pro-imperialists
2.1.D.3
Discussion of citizenship and status of territories (including the Insular Cases, 1901–03, and the Jones Act, March 1917).
2.2.A.1
Wilson’s desire to keep the US out of the war
2.2.A.2
Impact of unrestricted submarine warfare on the US (including the sinking of the Lusitania, 1915)
2.2.A.3
Growth of anti-German sentiment
2.2.A.4
The Zimmermann Telegram
2.2.A.5
US entry into the war
2.2.B.1
Propaganda
2.2.B.2
Rationing
2.2.B.3
Conscription
2.2.B.4
Limitations on civil liberties (including the Espionage Act, June 1917; the Sedition Act, May 1918; and Schenck v. United States, 1919)
2.2.C.1
Role of women at home and in the war
2.2.C.2
Segregation of the US military
2.2.C.3
Differing experiences of US soldiers abroad (including African American, Hispanic American, and Native American soldiers)
2.2.C.4
Great Migration of African Americans
2.2.C.5
Strikes and the creation of the National War Labor Board.
2.3.A.1
Legacy of the First World War
2.3.A.2
“Return to Normalcy” and laissez faire
2.3.A.3
Federal policies of low taxes, high tariffs, and widespread availability of credit
2.3.A.4
Increasing standards of living and the development of modern consumerism (including new styles of advertising, the rise of the installment plan, and the rising popularity and affordability of automobiles)
2.3.A.5
Economic difficulties in the 1920s (including barriers to prosperity, impacts on farmers, and the decline of heavy industry)
2.3.B.1
Life under prohibition and the speakeasy culture
2.3.B.2
Reasons for the rise of organized crime
2.3.B.3
The power of organized crime and the bootlegging industry
2.3.B.4
The federal response to organized crime
2.3.C.1
Fundamentalism v. evolution and the Scopes Trial
2.3.C.2
Changes in gender roles and the development of the “New Woman” and feminism
2.3.C.3
Flapper lifestyle and new fashions
2.3.C.4
Opposition to feminism and the flapper lifestyle
2.3.D.1
The growth of intolerance and the rise of the Second Ku Klux Klan (including immigration restriction laws and the First Red Scare)
2.3.D.2
The Red Summer of 1919 and racial violence of the 1920s
2.3.D.3
The Harlem Renaissance and “New Negro” Movement
2.3.D.4
Native Americans’ conditions and status (including the granting of citizenship via the Snyder Act).
3.1.A.1
The varied causes for the Great Depression (including overproduction and surplus, high tariffs, availability of easy credit, and over-speculation in the stock market and real estate)
3.1.A.2
Bank failures and the Great Crash
3.1.A.3
Rising unemployment rates amongst different groups of Americans (e.g., African Americans v. white Americans)
3.1.A.4
Homelessness, migration, and family separation (including the repatriation of people of Hispanic heritage)
3.1.B.1
Attitude of rugged individualism
3.1.B.2
Attempts at relief (including the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, January 1932; the Emergency Relief and Construction Act, July 1932; and the Federal Home Loan Bank Act, July 1932)
3.1.B.3
Response to the Bonus Army, July 1932
3.1.C.1
The Three Rs goals of Relief, Recovery, and Reform; and the First Hundred Days
3.1.C.2
The policies of the First New Deal, 1933–34 (including the Emergency Banking Act, the Economy Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Glass–Steagall Banking Act)
3.1.C.3
The policies of the Second New Deal, 1935–36 (e.g., the Works Progress Administration, the National Labor Relations Act, and the Social Security Act)
3.1.D.1
Opposition from both sides of the political spectrum (liberal left and conservative right)
3.1.D.2
Rulings of the Supreme Court
3.1.D.3
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s responses to opposition (including the “court-packing” plan)
3.1.D.4
The legacy of the New Deal (including the formation of the New Deal Coalition and the expansion of federal government power).
3.2.A.1
The Neutrality Acts, 1935–39
3.2.A.2
The Lend-Lease Program, 1941
3.2.A.3
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, December 1941
3.2.B.1
Tensions between the Allied powers at the Yalta Conference, February 1945, and Potsdam Conference, July 1945
3.2.B.2
Increasing tensions in a divided Europe (including the development of the Iron Curtain)
3.2.B.3
The impact of the dropping of the atomic bomb and nuclear proliferation
3.2.B.4
The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
3.2.B.5
The Berlin Blockade and Airlift
3.2.C.1
The Formation of NATO, April 1949, and the Warsaw Pact, May 1955
3.2.C.2
The domino theory and the US reaction to the rise of communist China
3.2.C.3
Causes of the Korean War and reasons for US involvement, June 1950–July 1953
3.2.C.4
Impacts and outcomes of the Korean War
3.2.D.1
Eisenhower’s “New Look”
3.2.D.2
Changes in Soviet leadership, Khrushchev and “Peaceful Coexistence”
3.2.D.3
The Suez Crisis, October–November 1956
3.2.D.4
The Eisenhower Doctrine
3.2.D.5
The race to successfully launch a satellite into orbit.
3.3.A.1
Impacts of the GI Bill
3.3.A.2
The growth of consumerism
3.3.A.3
Impacts of the Baby Boom
3.3.A.4
Migration and the development of the suburbs (including the role of the automobile)
3.3.A.5
Roles of federal government economic policies and programs in stimulating the economy
3.3.B.1
Role of women in the Second World War (e.g., women in the defense industries and the military)
3.3.B.2
Increased popularity and diversity of religion during the 1950s
3.3.B.3
Mass evangelism and televised church services
3.3.B.4
Return to conservative gender norms
3.3.B.5
Resistance to conservative family norms in youth culture (including the role of automobiles, Beatniks, the influence of media, and the impact of rock and roll)
3.3.C.1
Beliefs of and role of Joseph McCarthy
3.3.C.2
The role of the House Un-American Activities Committee
3.3.C.3
Anti-communist congressional legislation and its impacts
3.3.C.4
The Second Red Scare’s impacts on political discourse
3.3.D.1
Race relations and civil rights during the Second World War (e.g., race riots, the Double-V Campaign, and the internment of Japanese Americans)
3.3.D.2
Impact of key civil rights groups (e.g., NAACP, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC))
3.3.D.3
The role of leading African Americans (e.g., James Farmer, A. Philip Randolph, Bayard Rustin, Thurgood Marshall, and Martin Luther King, Jr.)
3.3.D.4
Responses of the peoples and governments of Southern states (including the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Southern Manifesto, sit-in protests, and the Little Rock Nine)
3.3.D.5
Impact of federal actions and Supreme Court cases (e.g., Korematsu v. US, 1944; Executive Order 9981 and the Desegregation of the Armed Forces, 1948; Shelley v. Kraemer, 1948; Henderson v. U.S., 1950; Brown v. Board, 1954; Browder v. Gayle, 1956; and the Civil Rights Act of 1957).
4.1.A.1
Flexible response, March 1961–November 1963
4.1.A.2
The Bay of Pigs Invasion and its impact, April 1961–June 1961
4.1.A.3
The Berlin Crisis and its impact, June 1961–November 1961
4.1.A.4
The Cuban Missile Crisis and its impact, October 1962
4.1.B.1
Origins of the Vietnam War and reasons for US entry into the conflict
4.1.B.2
Johnson’s escalation of the war (including the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and Operation Rolling Thunder)
4.1.B.3
Impact of the Tet Offensive on US strategy and on US public opinion
4.1.B.4
Nixon’s “Vietnamization”
4.1.B.5
The Paris Peace Accords, January 1973, and the outcome of the Vietnam War
4.1.C.1
Reasons for seeking détente under Nixon
4.1.C.2
Nixon and détente policies in China and the USSR
4.1.C.3
SALT, May 1972, and SALT II, June 1979
4.1.C.4
Helsinki Agreement, 1975
4.1.C.5
US reaction to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979.
4.2.A.1
Kennedy’s “New Frontier”
4.2.A.2
Johnson’s “Great Society”
4.2.A.3
Nixon’s “New Economic Policy” and Southern Strategy
4.2.A.4
Economic challenges under Ford and Carter
4.2.B.1
Rise of the “New Left”
4.2.B.2
Role of student organizations in perpetuating ideals
4.2.B.3
Divisions within the Democratic Party
4.2.B.4
The Republican Party and the “Silent Majority”
4.2.B.5
The development of counterculture and its impact (e.g., hippies)
4.2.C.1
Importance of television to the anti-war movement
4.2.C.2
The credibility gap, the Pentagon Papers, and Watergate
4.2.C.3
The concept of the “imperial presidency”
4.2.C.4
Impact of the anti-war movement on political discourse.
4.3.A.1
Role of key leaders (e.g., Martin Luther King, Jr., Stokely Carmichael (also known as Kwame Ture), Malcolm X, Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, and Dennis Banks)
4.3.A.2
Emergence of different activist groups and ideas (e.g., the Black Power movement, the Black Panther Party, the Rainbow Coalition, the Chicano/a movement, the American Indian Movement (AIM), and the Asian American Political Alliance)
4.3.A.3
Key legislation and its impacts (e.g., the Civil Rights Acts of 1960 and 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965)
4.3.A.4
Important Supreme Court cases and their impacts (e.g., Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963;
4.3.A.5
Loving v. Virginia, 1967; and Regents v. Bakke, 1978)
4.3.B.1
Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique, 1963
4.3.B.2
Formation of the National Organization for Women (NOW), 1966
4.3.B.3
The women’s liberation movement and the fight for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
4.3.B.4
Advances in gender equality through Congress and Supreme Court rulings (e.g., Phillips v. Martin Marietta, 1971; passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972; Reed v. Reed, 1971; Roe v. Wade, 1973; and Corning Glass Works v. Brennan, 1974)
4.3.C.1
The Stonewall Uprising, June 1969
4.3.C.2
The formation of the Gay Liberation Front, July 1969, and other similar organizations
4.3.C.3
The National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights, October 1979
4.3.D.1
Anti-feminist movement (including Phyllis Schlafly and opposition to the ERA)
4.3.D.2
Race riots of the late-1960s (e.g., Watts, Los Angeles, Newark, and Detroit)
4.3.D.3
The Kerner Report, February 1968
4.3.D.4
The religious right
5.1.A.1
Reagan’s abandonment of détente
5.1.A.2
The impacts of the policies of Gorbachev and his relationship with President Reagan
5.1.A.3
The Iran-Contra affair
5.1.A.4
The fall of the Berlin Wall
5.1.A.5
The impacts of the collapse of the USSR and its satellite states
5.1.B.1
The rise of the European Union
5.1.B.2
The rapid economic growth of China
5.1.B.3
The role of the G8 nations
5.1.B.4
The establishment of the World Trade Organization, January 1995
5.1.B.5
The signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement, December 1993
5.1.C.1
The crisis in the Persian Gulf and US reaction to Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait
5.1.C.2
The expansion of NATO
5.1.C.3
The US interventions in the breakup of Yugoslavia
5.1.C.4
The UN-sanctioned embargo on trade with Iraq
5.1.C.5
Motivations for Clinton’s attacks on Al Qaeda bases in Afghanistan (e.g., the bombing of the World Trade Center, February 1993, and the bombings on US embassies)
5.1.D.1
Outcomes of the September 11, 2001 attacks (also known as 9/11 attacks)
5.1.D.2
The impacts of the USA Patriot Act, 2001, and the Homeland Security Act, 2002
5.1.D.3
Attacks on Al Qaeda and the ousting of the Taliban in Afghanistan
5.1.D.4
The invasion of Iraq, 2003
5.1.D.5
George W. Bush Doctrine.
5.2.A.1
The rise of the New Right and the Moral Majority
5.2.A.2
The Reagan Coalition
5.2.A.3
Reaganomics
5.2.A.4
Domestic policies of the George H. W. Bush administration
5.2.A.5
Prominence of social and cultural issues in party politics (e.g., drug use, abortion rights, gay rights, and family values)
5.2.B.1
Clinton’s “third way”
5.2.B.2
Clinton’s attempts at national health care legislation and welfare reform
5.2.B.3
Economic boom, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and the reduction of budget deficits
5.2.B.4
Clinton’s impeachment
5.2.C.1
Disputed presidential election of 2000
5.2.C.2
Tax cuts
5.2.C.3
Growth of the budget deficit
5.2.C.4
Response to 9/11 attacks and an emphasis on homeland security
5.2.C.5
Response to Hurricane Katrina
5.2.D.1
Obama’s personal and political background
5.2.D.2
Obama’s 2008 campaign promises
5.2.D.3
Impact of the Great Recession on the 2008 election
5.2.D.4
Impact of the continuing war in Iraq on the 2008 election.
5.3.A.1
Personal computers
5.3.A.2
Changes in phone technology (including cell phones and smart phones)
5.3.A.3
The development of the internet
5.3.A.4
Rise of social media
5.3.A.5
The robotics revolution
5.3.B.1
The idea of multiculturalism and its growth
5.3.B.2
Growth of minority populations and the 2000 census
5.3.B.3
Causes of increasing amounts of immigration from Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Asia
5.3.B.4
The fight for and passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 1990
5.3.C.1
Continuing economic and social inequalities for ethnic minorities
5.3.C.2
Race riots and civil rights marches (e.g., the Los Angeles race riots of 1992; the Million Man March, October 1995; and the Million Woman March, October 1997)
5.3.C.3
The growth of the LGBT rights movement
5.3.C.4
Impacts of feminism in the 1980s and 1990s (e.g., rulings in Kirchberg v. Feenstra, 1981, and Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 1986)
5.3.D.1
Conservative reactions to the AIDS epidemic
5.3.D.2
Debates over immigration and increasing nativism
5.3.D.3
Opposition to multiculturalism
5.3.D.4
Opposition to affirmative action (e.g., California’s Proposition 209, November 1996)
5.3.D.5
Opposition to the LGBT movement.