European History 9981 AS &amp; A Level (2027-2029)

Liberalism and nationalism in Germany, 1815–71

ME.3

Russia from autocracy to revolution, 1881–1924

EH.1

Mussolini’s Italy, 1919–41

EH.2

Stalin’s Russia, 1924–41

EH.3

Hitler’s Germany, 1929–41

AO1.1

Recall, select and use appropriate historical knowledge.

AO2.1

Identify, explain and analyse the past using historical concepts:

AO2.2

Explain and analyse connections between different aspects of the past.

AO2.3

Reach a judgement.

AO3.1

Understand, analyse, evaluate and interpret a range of historical sources in context.

AO4.1

Understand, explain and analyse how historians have interpreted and approached aspects of the past.

ME.1.1

What were the causes and immediate consequences of the 1789 Revolution?

ME.1.2

How and why did France become a republic by 1792?

ME.1.3

How well was France governed in the period 1793–99?

ME.1.4

What caused the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte?

ME.2.1

What were the causes of the Revolutions of 1848?

ME.2.2

What happened during the 1848–49 revolutions and what were their consequences?

ME.2.3

Why was Bismarck appointed as Minister-President and what were his aims in the period up to 1866?

ME.2.4

How and why was German unification achieved by 1871?

ME.3.1

What challenges faced the Tsarist regime in the years 1881–94?

ME.3.2

What were the causes and outcomes of the 1905 Revolution up to 1914?

ME.3.3

How and why did the Bolsheviks seize power in October 1917?

ME.3.4

How were the Bolsheviks able to consolidate their power up to 1924?

EH.1.1

How did Mussolini gain control of Italy?

EH.1.2

How effectively did Mussolini govern Italy?

EH.1.3

How successful were Mussolini’s economic policies?

EH.1.4

How far did Mussolini transform Italian society?

EH.2.1

How did Stalin gain control of the Soviet Union?

EH.2.2

How effectively did Stalin govern the Soviet Union?

EH.2.3

How successful were Stalin’s economic policies?

EH.2.4

How far did Stalin transform soviet society?

EH.3.1

How did Hitler gain control of Germany?

EH.3.2

How effectively did the Nazis govern Germany?

EH.3.3

How successful were Nazi economic policies?

EH.3.4

How far did the Nazis transform German society?

AO2.1.A

cause and consequence

AO2.1.B

change and continuity

AO2.1.C

significance.

ME.1.1.A

The Ancien Régime and pressure for change

ME.1.1.B

The financial and political crisis, 1787–89

ME.1.1.C

The outbreak of revolution

ME.1.2.A

The revolutionary and counter-revolutionary groups

ME.1.2.B

Reforms

ME.1.2.C

Political instability

ME.1.2.D

From constitutional monarchy to republic

ME.1.3.A

Instability, 1793–95

ME.1.3.B

The Directory, 1795–99

ME.1.4.A

Napoleon Bonaparte’s military reputation and political ambitions

ME.1.4.B

The coup of 1799

ME.1.4.C

Napoleon’s initiatives as first consul

ME.1.4.D

Establishing authoritarian control

ME.1.4.E

Napoleon’s domestic reforms

ME.1.4.F

Reasons for Napoleon’s fall from power

ME.2.1.A

The Congress of Vienna and the formation of the Confederation

ME.2.1.B

The impact of Metternich’s system on the States of Germany, including

ME.2.1.C

The influence of Liberal ideas

ME.2.1.D

The growth of nationalist ideas

ME.2.1.E

The economic and political impact of

ME.2.1.F

Problems facing the German States in the 1840s

ME.2.2.A

The spread of revolution in the German states

ME.2.2.B

The Frankfurt Parliament

ME.2.2.C

Reasons for the reassertion of Austrian control

ME.2.2.D

Changing relations between Austria and Prussia after 1848

ME.2.3.A

The Constitutional Crisis

ME.2.3.B

The Congress of Princes, August 1863 and relations with Austria

ME.2.3.C

War with Denmark, 1864

ME.2.3.D

Preparation for war with Austria

ME.2.4.A

Pressure from nationalists to complete the unification process

ME.2.4.B

Problem with the southern states, including

ME.2.4.C

Napoleon III’s ambitions

ME.2.4.D

The Franco–Prussian War, 1870–71

ME.2.4.E

Creation of the German Empire, 1871

ME.3.1.A

How Russia was ruled in the period 1881–94

ME.3.1.B

The development of the Russian economy in the period 1881–94

ME.3.1.C

Social change in the period 1881–94

ME.3.1.D

The role of opposition

ME.3.2.A

The causes of the 1905 Revolution

ME.3.2.B

The events and consequences of the 1905 Revolution

ME.3.2.C

Reasons for the survival of the Tsarist regime

ME.3.2.D

The extent of changes in Russia between 1905 and the start of the First World War

ME.3.3.A

The impact of the First World War on Tsarist rule

ME.3.3.B

The causes and effects of the February Revolution

ME.3.3.C

Economic and social problems on the home front, including

ME.3.3.D

Events of February 1917 leading to the abdication of the Tsar

ME.3.3.E

Formation and aims of the Provisional Government

ME.3.3.F

Reasons for the failure of the Provisional Government

ME.3.3.G

The events of the October Revolution

ME.3.4.A

Bolshevik policies, including

ME.3.4.B

The establishment of a dictatorship

ME.3.4.C

Reasons for the Bolshevik victory in the Civil War

ME.3.4.D

The importance of the Kronstadt Mutiny

EH.1.1.A

Problems facing Italy after the First World War, including

EH.1.1.B

Mussolini’s appointment as prime minister in 1922, including

EH.1.1.C

The establishment of a dictatorship, 1922–26, including

EH.1.1.D

Extent of fascist control by 1926, including

EH.1.2.A

The terror state and coercion, including

EH.1.2.B

Propaganda and censorship, including

EH.1.2.C

The nature of fascist government, including

EH.1.2.D

Mussolini’s foreign policy, including

EH.1.3.A

Attempts to modernise Italian economy, including

EH.1.3.B

Responses to the Great Depression, including

EH.1.3.C

Corporate State, including

EH.1.3.D

Living standards, including

EH.1.4.A

Impact on women and young people of fascist policies, including

EH.1.4.B

Religious policies, including

EH.1.4.C

Impact of fascist organisations, including

EH.1.4.D

Extent of opposition to regime, including

EH.2.1.A

The power vacuum following Lenin’s death, including

EH.2.1.B

The strengths and weaknesses of the candidates, including

EH.2.1.C

Ideological differences and the power struggle, including

EH.2.1.D

Repression and propaganda to 1929, including

EH.2.2.A

Terror and the Purges, including

EH.2.2.B

The Cult of Personality, including

EH.2.2.C

Stalin’s leadership, including

EH.2.2.D

Aims and impact of foreign policy, including

EH.2.3.A

Reasons for the Great Turn, including

EH.2.3.B

Agricultural policies, including

EH.2.3.C

Industrial policies, including

EH.2.3.D

Living standards, including

EH.2.4.A

Women and the family, including

EH.2.4.B

Youth and education, including

EH.2.4.C

Cultural changes, including

EH.2.4.D

Religious policies, including

EH.3.1.A

Problems facing Weimar governments, including

EH.3.1.B

Reasons for the growth of support for the Nazis, 1929–32, including

EH.3.1.C

Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor, 1933, including

EH.3.1.D

Hitler’s consolidation of power and creation of a dictatorship, 1933–34, including

EH.3.2.A

The terror state, including

EH.3.2.B

Propaganda, including

EH.3.2.C

Extent of opposition to regime, including

EH.3.2.D

Nazi foreign policy, including

EH.3.3.A

Responses to the Great Depression, including

EH.3.3.B

Agricultural policies, including

EH.3.3.C

Rearmament and autarky, including

EH.3.3.D

Living standards, including

EH.3.4.A

Impact on women of Nazi policies, including

EH.3.4.B

Impact on young people of Nazi policies, including

EH.3.4.C

Religious policies, including

EH.3.4.D

Persecution of Jews and other minorities, including

ME.1.1.A.1

Absolute monarchy and structure of royal government

ME.1.1.A.2

French society: the Estate system, including

ME.1.1.A.2.a

The discontent of the Third Estate

ME.1.1.A.3

American War of Independence

ME.1.1.A.4

The influence of the Enlightenment

ME.1.1.A.5

Economic problems and attempts to deal with them up to 1787, including

ME.1.1.A.5.a

Necker, Turgot and Calonne

ME.1.1.B.1

The Assembly of Notables, including

ME.1.1.B.1.a

Failure of Calonne’s reforms

ME.1.1.B.1.b

Brienne and the involvement of the Parlement of Paris

ME.1.1.B.2

Economic problems, including

ME.1.1.B.2.a

Bad harvests and food shortage

ME.1.1.B.2.b

Unemployment and price rises

ME.1.1.B.2.c

Necker reappointed as Finance Minister

ME.1.1.B.3

King’s decision to call the Estates-General, including

ME.1.1.B.3.a

Cahiers de doléances

ME.1.1.B.4

The meeting of the Estates-General

ME.1.1.B.5

The National Assembly and the Tennis Court Oath

ME.1.1.B.6

Louis’ refusal to carry out reform

ME.1.1.C.1

The Storming of the Bastille

ME.1.1.C.2

The Great Fear

ME.1.1.C.3

The August Decrees

ME.1.1.C.4

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

ME.1.1.C.5

March of the Women

ME.1.2.A.1

Aims of the revolutionary groups, including

ME.1.2.A.1.a

The Jacobins, the Feuillants and the Girondins

ME.1.2.A.2

Counter-revolutionary groups: reasons for failure

ME.1.2.B.1

Financial, including

ME.1.2.B.1.a

Assignats

ME.1.2.B.1.b

Taxation reform

ME.1.2.B.2

Local government

ME.1.2.B.3

Justice

ME.1.2.B.4

Church reforms

ME.1.2.C.1

Disagreement on the terms of the new constitution

ME.1.2.C.2

The behaviour of the King and the flight to Varennes

ME.1.2.C.3

The Champ de Mars

ME.1.2.D.1

Legislative Assembly

ME.1.2.D.2

Declaration of war on Austria, April 1792

ME.1.2.D.3

September Massacres

ME.1.2.D.4

The National Convention and abolition of the monarchy

ME.1.3.A.1

Problems facing France after the execution of Louis XVI, including

ME.1.3.A.1.a

The influence of the sans-culottes

ME.1.3.A.1.b

Disagreement within the Convention

ME.1.3.A.1.c

The effects of war on France in 1793

ME.1.3.A.2

New constitution, 1793 and the Committee of Public Safety

ME.1.3.A.3

Robespierre and the reign of terror

ME.1.3.A.4

Economic problems

ME.1.3.A.5

The White Terror, 1794–95

ME.1.3.A.6

The Parisian risings, 1795

ME.1.3.B.1

The Constitution of the Year III

ME.1.3.B.2

Aims of the Directory

ME.1.3.B.3

Problems facing the Directory

ME.1.3.B.4

Success and failures of the Directory, including

ME.1.3.B.4.a

Financial

ME.1.3.B.4.b

Military

ME.1.3.B.4.c

Political

ME.1.4.D.1

Means used, including

ME.1.4.D.1.a

Setting up new ministries and a Council of State

ME.1.4.D.1.b

Reform of the police force and the judiciary

ME.1.4.D.1.c

Propaganda and censorship

ME.1.4.D.1.d

Control of elections

ME.1.4.D.1.e

Emperor Napoleon, 1804

ME.1.4.E.1

Legal: the Code Napoleon

ME.1.4.E.2

Educationa

ME.1.4.E.3

Financial and economic, including

ME.1.4.E.3.a

Bank of France

ME.1.4.E.3.b

Taxation

ME.1.4.E.3.c

Bread prices

ME.1.4.E.4

Religious: the Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church

ME.1.4.F.1

Declining popularity at home, including

ME.1.4.F.1.a

Conscription and deteriorating economy

ME.1.4.F.2

Effects of Napoleon’s failure to defeat Britain, including

ME.1.4.F.2.a

The failure of the Continental System

ME.1.4.F.2.b

Outcome of the Peninsular War, 1808–14

ME.1.4.F.3

Growth of nationalism in the Empire

ME.1.4.F.3.a

The extent of his Empire by 1812

ME.1.4.F.4

Outcome of the failure of the campaign against Russia

ME.1.4.F.5

Impact of the defeat at Leipzig, 1813

ME.1.4.F.6

Allies capture of Paris, including

ME.1.4.F.6.a

Abdication, 1814

ME.2.1.A.1

Strengths and weaknesses of the Confederation

ME.2.1.B.1

The Carlsbad Decrees

ME.2.1.C.1

The aims of the Liberals

ME.2.1.C.2

The emergence of the middle class

ME.2.1.C.3

The extent of support for liberalism in Prussia

ME.2.1.D.1

The impact of the 1830 revolutions on German states

ME.2.1.D.2

Support for nationalist ideas in the universities

ME.2.1.D.3

Reactions to the growth of nationalist ideas

ME.2.1.D.3.a

The Six Articles and Ten Articles, 1832

ME.2.1.D.4

Reasons for the growth of nationalism in the 1840s

ME.2.1.E.1

Prussian Customs Union and the Zollverein

ME.2.1.E.2

Railway development

ME.2.1.F.1

Economic and social problems in the 1840s, including

ME.2.1.F.1.a

The economic crisis of 1846–47

ME.2.1.F.1.b

Impact of urbanisation

ME.2.1.F.1.c

Impact of industrialisation on skilled workers

ME.2.2.A.1

The fall of Metternich

ME.2.2.A.2

Revolution in Prussia

ME.2.2.A.3

Role of Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia

ME.2.2.B.1

Formation and actions of the Parliament

ME.2.2.B.2

Reasons for its collapse

ME.2.2.B.3

Impact of the 1848 revolutions

ME.2.2.C.1

The strength of the conservatives

ME.2.2.C.2

Divisions between the revolutionaries

ME.2.2.D.1

The humiliation of Olmütz

ME.2.2.D.2

Economic issues, including

ME.2.2.D.2.a

Disagreements over the Zollverein

ME.2.2.D.2.b

Economic development and growth in Prussia

ME.2.2.D.2.c

Economic and financial problems facing Austria

ME.2.2.D.3

Political issues, including

ME.2.2.D.3.a

The growth of liberalism

ME.2.2.D.3.b

Prussia’s international position

ME.2.2.D.3.c

Bismarck’s role up to 1859, including his attitude towards Austria

ME.2.3.A.1

The accession of Wilhelm I

ME.2.3.A.2

Proposals for army reforms and the reaction of the Liberals

ME.2.3.A.3

The formation of the German Progressive Party

ME.2.3.A.4

Bismarck’s appointment and how he resolved the crisis

ME.2.3.C.1

Causes of the war

ME.2.3.C.2

Reasons for Bismarck’s involvement

ME.2.3.C.3

The outcome, including

ME.2.3.C.3.a

Increased tensions between Germany and Austria

ME.2.3.C.3.b

The Convention of Gastein

ME.2.3.D.1

Meeting with Napoleon III at Biarritz

ME.2.3.D.2

Secret alliance with Italy

ME.2.3.D.3

Reasons why war broke out, including

ME.2.3.D.3.a

Bismarck’s proposal to the Federal Diet for a new constitution

ME.2.3.D.3.b

Austria’s violation of the Convention of Gastein

ME.2.3.D.4

The outcome of the Seven Weeks’ War, including

ME.2.3.D.4.a

The Treaty of Prague

ME.2.3.D.4.b

The formation of the North German Confederation

ME.2.3.D.4.c

The Liberals change in attitude towards Bismarck

ME.2.3.D.4.d

The Indemnity Bill, 1866

ME.2.4.B.1

The Zollparlament

ME.2.4.B.2

Lack of political unity

ME.2.4.C.1

The Luxemburg Crisis, including

ME.2.4.C.1.a

Causes

ME.2.4.C.1.b

Why Bismarck encouraged it

ME.2.4.C.1.c

Outcome and effects on relations with France

ME.2.4.C.2

The Hohenzollern candidature, including

ME.2.4.C.2.a

Spanish crown accepted by Prince Leopold

ME.2.4.C.2.b

Reaction of Napoleon III

ME.2.4.C.2.c

The Ems Telegram

ME.2.4.C.2.d

Declaration of war by France

ME.2.4.D.1

Why Bismarck was in a strong position, including

ME.2.4.D.1.a

Lack of international support for France and the weakness of the French army

ME.2.4.D.1.b

The strength of the Prussian Army under General Moltke

ME.2.4.D.1.c

Impact of the German victory at Sedan

ME.2.4.D.1.d

Armistice agreed, 28 January 1871

ME.2.4.D.1.e

Treaty of Frankfurt, 1871

ME.2.4.E.1

Concessions to the southern states

ME.2.4.E.2

Wilhelm proclaimed Kaiser

ME.2.4.E.

Constitution of the new Reich

ME.3.1.A.1

Autocracy: the role of the Tsar, State Council and key ministries, the army and the Church

ME.3.1.A.2

Reform and repression, including

ME.3.1.A.2.a

Alexander III’s policies

ME.3.1.A.2.b

Russification

ME.3.1.A.2.c

Repression

ME.3.1.B.1

Economic developments, including

ME.3.1.B.1.a

Bunge’s policies

ME.3.1.B.1.b

Industrialisation

ME.3.1.B.1.c

Economic problems, including taxation and famines

ME.3.1.C.1

Social development, urban growth and development of the middle class

ME.3.1.D.1

The development of opposition from the peasants and urban workers

ME.3.1.D.2

Growth of Marxism

ME.3.2.A.1

Discontent with the regime of Nicholas II, including

ME.3.2.A.1.a

Resentment caused by the lack of political reform

ME.3.2.A.2

Political opposition

ME.3.2.A.2.a

The Socialist Revolutionaries

ME.3.2.A.2.b

The Social Democrats

ME.3.2.A.3

Economic problems, including

ME.3.2.A.3.a

Bad harvests

ME.3.2.A.3.b

Unemployment

ME.3.2.A.3.c

Witte’s policies

ME.3.2.A.3.d

Taxation

ME.3.2.A.4

Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War

ME.3.2.B.1

Bloody Sunday, strikes and unrest in 1905

ME.3.2.B.2

The reactions of Nicholas II to the 1905 revolution, including

ME.3.2.B.2.a

October Manifesto

ME.3.2.B.2.b

The formation of the Duma

ME.3.2.C.1

Nature and extent of opposition

ME.3.2.C.2

The Fundamental Laws and the Dumas

ME.3.2.C.3

Repression

ME.3.2.D.1

Stolypin’s agrarian reforms and their impact

ME.3.2.D.2

Developments in industry and their impact

ME.3.3.A.1

The impact of defeats during the First World War on the Tsar’s position

ME.3.3.A.2

Weaknesses in the government during the war

ME.3.3.C.1

Inflation

ME.3.3.C.2

Food shortages

ME.3.3.C.3

Land seizures

ME.3.3.F.1

Challenges facing the Provisional Government leading to its failure, including

ME.3.3.F.1.a

Failure to end the war

ME.3.3.F.1.b

Need for land reform

ME.3.3.F.1.c

The July Days

ME.3.3.F.1.d

Kornilov Revolt

ME.3.3.F.2

Methods used by the Bolsheviks to seize power in October 1917, including

ME.3.3.F.2.a

Bolshevik promises

ME.3.3.F.2.b

Lenin’s leadership

ME.3.3.F.2.c

The role of the Petrograd Soviet and Trotsky

ME.3.3.F.2.d

Military Revolutionary Committee

ME.3.4.A.1

Establishment of Sovnarkom

ME.3.4.A.2

Decrees on rights, workers’ control, peace and land

ME.3.4.A.3

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

ME.3.4.B.1

The Cheka

ME.3.4.B.2

The closure of the Constituent Assembly

ME.3.4.C.1

Strengths of the Bolsheviks, including

ME.3.4.C.1.a

Leadership

ME.3.4.C.1.b

Popular support

ME.3.4.C.1.c

Geographical factors

ME.3.4.C.1.d

Unity and organisation

ME.3.4.C.1.e

The introduction and impact of War Communism

ME.3.4.C.2

Weaknesses of the Whites, including

ME.3.4.C.2.a

Leadership

ME.3.4.C.2.b

Use of conscription

ME.3.4.C.2.c

Issues of supply

ME.3.4.C.2.d

Foreign intervention

ME.3.4.D.1

The Kronstadt Munity causes, events and impact

ME.3.4.D.2

The introduction and impact of the New Economic Policy

EH.1.1.A.1

Impact of war on Italy

EH.1.1.A.2

Responses to the post-war settlement: the ‘Mutilated Victory’

EH.1.1.A.3

The seizure of Fiume by d’Annunzio

EH.1.1.A.4

Economic challenges: unemployment and inflation

EH.1.1.A.5

Government instability and unpopularity

EH.1.1.A.6

Biennio Rosso

EH.1.1.B.1

The development of policy programmes

EH.1.1.B.2

Fasci de Combattimento

EH.1.1.B.3

Squadrismo

EH.1.1.B.4

Establishment of a dual policy and the March on Rome

EH.1.1.B.5

The role of Victor Emmanuel III and of the political and economic elites

EH.1.1.B.6

The nature of the National government

EH.1.1.C.1

Formation of the Fascist Grand Council and Militia

EH.1.1.C.2

Acerbo Election Law

EH.1.1.C.3

The murder of Matteotti

EH.1.1.C.4

The fascist movement and law on powers of Head of Government

EH.1.1.D.1

Levels of support

EH.1.1.D.2

Opposition and dissent

EH.1.2.A.1

Methods to deal with opposition and dissent: OVRA, MVSN and special tribunals

EH.1.2.A.2

Antisemitic laws, 1938

EH.1.2.B.1

Attempts to link fascist Italy with Ancient Rome

EH.1.2.B.2

Personality cult

EH.1.2.B.3

Ministry of Popular Culture

EH.1.2.B.4

Control of mass media: newspapers, radio and cinema

EH.1.2.B.5

Rallies

EH.1.2.B.6

Use of art and culture

EH.1.2.B.7

Sporting success

EH.1.2.B.8

Extent, impact and success of propaganda

EH.1.2.C.1

Fascist institutions: Duce, PNF and Fascist Grand Council

EH.1.2.C.2

Central government: king, cabinet, parliament, police, civil service and judiciary

EH.1.2.C.3

Prefects and podestas

EH.1.2.D.1

Aims: restoring Italy’s international prestige, control of the Mediterranean and expansion of empire in Africa

EH.1.2.D.2

Methods: international diplomacy and alliances, Corfu, Albania and the invasion of Abyssinia

EH.1.2.D.3

Extent of success: individual successes and failures and the overall achievement of aims

EH.1.3.A.1

Aims and development of economic policy

EH.1.3.A.2

Di Stefani and orthodox policies

EH.1.3.A.3

Economic ‘battles’: lira, grain and marshes

EH.1.3.A.4

Autarky

EH.1.3.A.5

Outcomes and extent of success

EH.1.3.B.1

The impact of the Great Depression on Italy’s economy

EH.1.3.B.2

Government intervention: IMI and IRI, roles and impact

EH.1.3.B.3

Public works

EH.1.3.C.1

Aims: the ‘Third Way’

EH.1.3.C.2

Creation through Vidoni Pact, Rocco Law, Ministry of Corporations, Charter of Labour and National Council of Corporations

EH.1.3.C.3

Outcomes

EH.1.3.D.1

Welfare system: health, pensions, employment levels and childcare

EH.1.3.D.2

Levels of pay, working hours and consumption

EH.1.4.A.1

Fascist attitudes towards women

EH.1.4.A.2

Aims to increase birth rate and population

EH.1.4.A.3

Attempts to limit employment of women

EH.1.4.A.4

Battle for Births: propaganda, incentives, abortion, contraception and divorce, and outcomes

EH.1.4.A.5

Indoctrination of youth through education and youth movements

EH.1.4.A.6

Gentile’s reforms

EH.1.4.A.7

Curriculum and textbook changes

EH.1.4.A.8

Control over teachers

EH.1.4.A.9

Fascism and university education

EH.1.4.A.10

ONB: aims, organisation, activities and outcomes

EH.1.4.B.1

Mussolini’s early anti-clericalism and changing policies

EH.1.4.B.2

Lateran Treaties, impact and significance

EH.1.4.B.3

Examples of church support for the regime

EH.1.4.B.4

Growing tensions between church and state in 1930s over Catholic Action and antisemitism

EH.1.4.C.1

OND: structure, aims, organisation and outcomes

EH.1.4.C.2

Impact of Reform of Customs

EH.1.4.D.1

Strikes and demonstrations

EH.1.4.D.2

Communist Party

EH.1.4.D.3

Justice and liberty

EH.1.4.D.4

Non-conformity

EH.1.4.D.5

Assassination attempts

EH.2.1.A.1

The nature of leadership of the party: collective leadership

EH.2.1.A.2

Lenin’s Testament and funeral

EH.2.1.B.1

Respective personalities and appeal of Stalin, Trotsky, Bukharin, Kamenev, Rykov, Tomsky and Zinoviev

EH.2.1.B.2

Stalin’s use of roles within the party such as General Secretary

EH.2.1.C.1

Arguments relating to economic development: New Economic Policy (NEP) versus industrialisation

EH.2.1.C.2

Socialism in One Country versus Permanent Revolution

EH.2.1.C.3

Changing alliances

EH.2.1.D.1

The beginning of the cult of personality: ‘Lenin’s disciple’

EH.2.1.D.2

Machinery of repression

EH.2.2.A.1

Reasons for the Terror and Purges

EH.2.2.A.2

Opposition to Stalin and Kirov’s murder

EH.2.2.A.3

Role of NKVD

EH.2.2.A.4

Show trials

EH.2.2.A.5

Yezhovshchina: forced labour and gulags, and purge of the armed forces

EH.2.2.B.1

The development of the Stalin cult

EH.2.2.B.2

Propaganda methods: aims and impact

EH.2.2.C.1

The nature of Stalin’s leadership and the Stalin Constitution

EH.2.2.D.1

Relations with Germany

EH.2.2.D.2

Search for collective security: Comintern, League of Nations, France and Czechoslovakia

EH.2.2.D.3

Intervention in Spanish Civil War

EH.2.2.D.4

Policies towards China and Japan

EH.2.2.D.5

Nazi–Soviet Pact

EH.2.3.A.1

Security from invasion

EH.2.3.A.2

Achievement of self-sufficiency

EH.2.3.A.3

Creation of a fully socialist society and economy

EH.2.3.A.4

Enhancing Stalin’s control

EH.2.3.B.1

Reasons for collectivisation

EH.2.3.B.2

Voluntary and forced collectivisation

EH.2.3.B.3

State farms

EH.2.3.B.4

The impact and extent of success: forced requisitioning, famine and agricultural yields

EH.2.3.B.5

Dekulakisation

EH.2.3.C.1

Reasons for industrialisation

EH.2.3.C.2

Gosplan

EH.2.3.C.3

The organisation, aims and results of the first three Five Year Plans

EH.2.3.C.4

Constructions, industrial centres and major projects

EH.2.3.C.5

Stakhanovite movement

EH.2.3.D.1

The living and working conditions of managers and workers in urban areas

EH.2.3.D.2

Wage differentials and incentives

EH.2.3.D.3

Workplace discipline

EH.2.3.D.4

Housing and consumer items

EH.2.4.A.1

The Great Retreat and policies towards marriage, divorce and childbirth

EH.2.4.A.2

Women’s role in the workplace: opportunities and limitations

EH.2.4.A.3

Treatment of national groups within the Soviet Union

EH.2.4.B.1

Education reforms and impact relating to primary, secondary and higher education

EH.2.4.B.2

1936 Great Retreat and reversal of earlier reforms

EH.2.4.C.1

Cultural Revolution

EH.2.4.C.2

Socialist Realism in art, music, literature and cinema and their aims and impact

EH.2.4.D.1

Repression towards organised religion

EH.2.4.D.2

Impact and continued influence of the Church on society

EH.3.1.A.1

Impact of the Great Depression on Germany

EH.3.1.A.2

Unpopularity of Müller and Bruning’s Weimar governments

EH.3.1.A.3

Rise of communism

EH.3.1.B.1

The appeal of Hitler

EH.3.1.B.2

The role of the SA

EH.3.1.B.3

Nazi propaganda and promises

EH.3.1.B.4

Elite support

EH.3.1.C.1

The elections of 1932

EH.3.1.C.2

Von Schleicher’s government

EH.3.1.C.3

Hindenburg and von Papen’s actions in 1933

EH.3.1.D.1

The Reichstag Fire and subsequent repression

EH.3.1.D.2

March 1933 election

EH.3.1.D.3

Enabling Act

EH.3.1.D.4

Night of the Long Knives

EH.3.1.D.5

Hindenburg’s death and the army oath of loyalty

EH.3.2.A.1

Examples of repression such as the Gestapo

EH.3.2.A.2

Block wardens

EH.3.2.A.3

Police and SD

EH.3.2.A.4

Judiciary and courts

EH.3.2.A.5

EH.3.2.A.6

Concentration camps

EH.3.2.B.1

Goebbels and Ministry of Propaganda and Enlightenment

EH.3.2.B.2

Control of the media: radio, newspapers, film, art and culture

EH.3.2.B.3

Nuremberg Rallies

EH.3.2.B.4

1936 Olympics

EH.3.2.C.1

Opposition from youth, including Swing movement and Edelweiss Pirates

EH.3.2.C.2

Church, including the Confessing Church, the Pastors Emergency League and Galen

EH.3.2.C.3

Political opposition from the left-wing

EH.3.2.C.4

Passive resistance

EH.3.2.D.1

Aims: reversal of Treaty of Versailles, pan-Germanism, Lebensraum and defeating communism

EH.3.2.D.2

Methods: leaving the League of Nations

EH.3.2.D.3

The remilitarisation of the Rhineland, Anti-Comintern Pact, Anschluss, Sudentenland and Czechoslovakia, Nazi–Soviet Pact, invasion of Poland and Operation Barbarossa

EH.3.2.D.4

Extent of planning and consistency in policies

EH.3.3.A.1

Schacht’s deficit financing schemes and Mefo Bills

EH.3.3.A.2

Public works programmes such as the autobahn network

EH.3.3.A.3