Standard set
AS Level
Standards
Showing 463 of 463 standards.
Introduction to environmental management
Environmental research and data collection
Managing human population
Managing ecosystems and biodiversity
Managing resources
Managing water supplies
Managing the atmosphere
Managing climate change
1.1
Continents and oceans
1.2
Country classification by income level
1.3
Sustainability
1.4
The water cycle
1.5
The structure and composition of the atmosphere
1.6
Ecosystems
2.1
The scientific method
2.2
Environmental research in the context of climate change
2.3
Collection of environmental data
2.4
Data collection techniques and data analysis
2.5
The use of technology in data collection and analysis
3.1
Human population dynamics and structure
3.2
Impacts of human population change
3.3
Managing human population change
4.1
Ecosystems
4.2
Managing the conservation of biodiversity
4.3
Impacts of human activity on ecosystems
5.1
Food security
5.2
Energy resources
5.3
Waste management
6.1
Global water distribution
7.1
Acid deposition
7.2
Photochemical smog
7.3
Managing air pollution
7.4
Ozone depletion
8.1
Climate change
8.2
The impacts of climate change
8.3
Managing climate change
1.1.1
identify and name the world’s continents and major oceans
1.2.1
describe the income groups the World Bank uses to classify countries
1.3.1
define the term sustainability as the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
1.3.2
understand the need for the sustainable management of resources
1.4.1
describe the water cycle
1.4.2
interpret and draw diagrams representing the water cycle
1.5.1
state the major components of the Earth’s atmosphere
1.5.2
describe the structure of the Earth’s atmosphere as divided into four primary layers
1.5.3
state that the ozone layer is located within the stratosphere
1.5.4
describe the ozone layer and outline its role in absorbing ultraviolet radiation
1.5.5
outline the natural greenhouse effect that maintains the Earth’s ambient temperature
1.6.1
define the terms biome, ecosystem, population, community, habitat and niche
1.6.2
state the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem
1.6.3
describe how biotic factors affect the number and the diversity of organisms found within an ecosystem
1.6.4
outline examples of biotic interactions
1.6.5
define photosynthesis as the process by which plants synthesise glucose using carbon dioxide, water and energy from sunlight
1.6.6
state the word and chemical equations for photosynthesis
1.6.7
state that chlorophyll captures light energy for photosynthesis
1.6.8
explain that the availability of water, concentration of carbon dioxide and the availability of light are limiting factors in the rate of photosynthesis
1.6.9
explain how photosynthesis on land and in the oceans is a vital part of the carbon cycle and has an important effect on carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere by forming carbon stores
1.6.10
define the terms producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer and decomposer
1.6.11
define trophic levels as feeding levels within food chains
1.6.12
identify organisms at different feeding levels in a food chain or food web
1.6.13
state that energy is transferred between organisms in a food chain, starting with a producer
1.6.14
explain how energy is lost in food chains
1.6.15
construct simple food chains and food webs
1.6.16
define aerobic respiration as the chemical reactions in cells that break down glucose molecules and release energy, carbon dioxide and water
1.6.17
state the word and chemical equation for aerobic respiration
1.6.18
describe the carbon cycle
1.6.19
interpret and draw diagrams representing the carbon cycle
2.1.1
describe how the scientific method involves the interplay between observations and the formation, testing and evaluation of hypotheses
2.1.2
formulate hypotheses based on observations or experimental data
2.1.3
design investigations in which variables are controlled and quantitative results are collected
2.1.4
explain the terms dependent and independent variable and identify each type in a given experiment
2.1.5
interpret data to determine whether they support or refute the hypothesis being tested
2.1.6
explain how limitations in the measurement of data lead to uncertainty in the results
2.1.7
demonstrate an understanding that a hypothesis that is consistently supported by investigation and observation can become a theory
2.2.1
define the terms reliable and bias and explain their significance to environmental investigations
2.2.2
using examples related to climate change, outline how historical data have developed
2.2.3
using examples related to climate change, outline how bias has led to the misuse of scientific data
2.2.4
using examples related to climate change, outline how unreliable data has led to false reporting of scientific conclusions
2.3.1
state that sampling strategies are used to collect representative data
2.3.2
explain how random sampling and systematic sampling strategies aim to ensure samples are well distributed with a low risk of bias
2.3.3
describe and explain factors influencing the suitability of random sampling or systematic sampling strategies for different studies
2.3.4
evaluate the choice of random and systematic sampling strategies in familiar and unfamiliar contexts
2.4.1
describe techniques used to collect sample data
2.4.2
describe benefits and limitations of each sampling technique listed
2.4.3
select and use a suitable sampling technique to collect environmental data
2.4.4
use data to:
2.5.1
state that there are methods of data collection that include the use of technology
2.5.2
describe what is meant by the term ‘big data’
2.5.3
outline the benefits and limitations of the analysis of big data
3.1.1
calculate population density from given data
3.1.2
describe and explain factors influencing population density and distribution
3.1.3
describe populations in terms of their size and the composition of different age groups
3.1.4
explain how changes in birth rates, death rates and migration rates may affect population size and composition
3.1.5
define and calculate dependency ratio
3.1.6
suggest reasons for differences between the population structures of HICs and LICs
3.2.1
describe the impacts of ageing populations on countries
3.3.1
Candidates should be able to: describe and evaluate strategies for managing a changing population
4.1.1
describe the world’s major terrestrial biomes in terms of their climate, soil type and vegetation
4.1.2
outline the characteristics of primary and secondary succession from pioneer species through intermediate stages to a climax community
4.2.1
define the terms native species and invasive species
4.2.2
explain the impacts of invasive species on biodiversity
4.2.3
describe and explain the benefits of conserving biodiversity
4.2.4
describe and evaluate legislation and protocols as methods of conserving biodiversity
4.2.5
describe and explain the role of the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered species (EDGE) programme in the conservation of biodiversity
4.2.6
describe and evaluate captive breeding and release as a method of conserving biodiversity
4.2.7
describe and evaluate habitat conservation and creation as methods of conserving biodiversity
4.3.1
describe and explain the impacts of human activity on tropical rainforests
4.3.2
describe and evaluate strategies for managing the impacts of human activity on tropical rainforests
4.3.3
describe and explain the impacts of human activity on Antarctica
4.3.4
describe and evaluate strategies for managing the impacts of human activity on Antarctica
5.1.1
define food security as when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
5.1.2
describe and explain causes of food insecurity and threats to food security
5.1.3
outline the impacts of food insecurity
5.1.4
describe and evaluate strategies for managing food security
5.2.1
classify energy resources as renewable or non-renewable
5.2.2
define energy security as the reliable availability of energy sources at an affordable price with a consideration of the environmental impacts
5.2.3
describe and explain the causes of energy insecurity
5.2.4
outline the impacts of energy insecurity
5.2.5
describe and evaluate strategies for managing energy security
5.3.1
describe methods of waste disposal and treatment
5.3.2
explain the impacts of waste disposal methods
5.3.3
describe and evaluate strategies to reduce the impacts of waste disposal
6.1.1
describe the distribution of the Earth’s water
6.1.2
define the term water security as the ability to access sufficient quantities of clean water to maintain adequate standards of food and manufacturing of goods, adequate sanitation and sustainable health care
6.1.3
explain the causes of water insecurity
6.1.4
explain the impacts of water insecurity
6.1.5
describe and evaluate strategies for managing water security
7.1.1
define acid deposition as a mix of air pollutants that deposit from the atmosphere as acidic wet deposition (with a pH <5.6) or acidic dry deposition
7.1.2
describe the two types of acid deposition
7.1.3
outline the formation of acid deposition
7.1.4
outline the impacts of acid deposition on: • aquatic environments • vegetation and crops • stone and brick buildings
7.2.1
define photochemical smog as a mixture of air pollutants and particulates, including ground level ozone, that is formed when oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight
7.2.2
describe the impacts of photochemical smog
7.3.1
describe strategies for managing air pollution
7.4.1
outline how ozone depletion occurs
7.4.2
state that ozone concentration is measured using the Dobson Unit
7.4.3
define the term ozone hole as an area where the average concentration of ozone is below 100 Dobson Units
7.4.4
explain why ozone depletion has been greatest over Antarctica
7.4.5
describe the impacts of ozone depletion due to the increased amounts of ultraviolet radiation
7.4.6
evaluate the international agreements used to reduce and phase out the use of ozone depleting substances
7.4.7
outline the impacts associated with the use of some alternatives to ozone depleting substances
7.4.8
outline the importance of experimental evidence to support a hypothesis, using the ozone destruction hypothesis suggested by Rowland-Molina as an example
8.1.1
define greenhouse gases as gases in the atmosphere that absorb infrared radiation and identify some common greenhouse gases
8.1.2
state the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities
8.1.3
explain how increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause the enhanced greenhouse effect leading to global warming
8.1.4
outline the difficulties of monitoring and predicting climate change
8.2.1
state the impacts of climate change on the environment
8.2.2
describe the impacts of climate change on human populations
8.3.1
describe strategies for managing climate change through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
8.3.2
outline geo-engineering strategies to counteract climate change
8.3.3
evaluate strategies for managing climate change
1.1.1.a
continents (Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Oceania)
1.1.1.b
oceans (Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean and Southern Ocean)
1.2.1.a
low income economies (LICs)
1.2.1.b
middle income economies (MICs)
1.2.1.c
high income economies (HICs)
1.4.1.a
condensation
1.4.1.b
precipitation
1.4.1.c
interception
1.4.1.d
infiltration
1.4.1.e
surface run-of
1.4.1.f
through-flow
1.4.1.g
ground water flow
1.4.1.h
transpiration
1.4.1.i
evaporation
1.5.1.a
nitrogen
1.5.1.b
oxygen
1.5.1.c
carbon dioxide
1.5.1.d
argon
1.5.1.e
water vapour
1.5.2.a
troposphere
1.5.2.b
stratosphere
1.5.2.c
mesosphere
1.5.2.d
thermosphere
1.5.5.a
ultraviolet radiation (shortwave radiation) passes through the Earth’s atmosphere and is absorbed by the Earth’s surface
1.5.5.b
some energy is re-emitted back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation (longwave radiation)
1.5.5.c
greenhouse gases absorb some of this infrared radiation and prevent it from leaving the atmosphere
1.6.2.a
biotic components: – producers, consumers (primary, secondary and tertiary) and decomposers
1.6.2.b
abiotic components: – temperature, humidity, water, oxygen, salinity, light, pH
1.6.4.a
competition (inter-specific and intra-specific)
1.6.4.b
grazing
1.6.4.c
predation
1.6.6.a
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
1.6.6.b
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
1.6.14.a
including: loss by respiration and waste products
1.6.17.a
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
1.6.17.b
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
1.6.18.a
photosynthesis
1.6.18.b
respiration
1.6.18.c
feeding
1.6.18.d
decomposition
1.6.18.e
fossilisation
1.6.18.f
combustion
2.1.1.a
candidates should be able to apply the scientific method to the collection of reliable data and the design of environmental investigations
2.2.2.a
limited amount of historical data
2.2.2.b
development of scientific theory
2.2.2.c
advances in technology
2.2.4.a
limited amount of data
2.2.4.b
lack of public and media knowledge
2.2.4.c
uncertainty in climate models
2.3.3.a
size
2.3.3.b
ease of access
2.3.3.c
knowledge of the environment
2.3.4.a
including: precision, bias and efficiency of strategies
2.4.1.a
quadrats (open frame, grid and point), pitfall traps, sweep nets, beating trays, kick sampling, light traps, capture-mark-recapture
2.4.1.b
water turbidity
2.4.1.c
questionnaires, interviews
2.4.4.a
calculate estimated population size using the Lincoln indexLincoln index N m n n 2 1 2 # = N = estimate of population size n1 = number of individuals captured in first sample n2 = number of individuals (both marked and unmarked) captured in second sample m2 = number of marked individuals recaptured in second sample This formula will be given in the question papers
2.4.4.b
calculate estimated biodiversity using the Simpson’s index of diversitySimpson’s index of diversity (D) D 1 N n 2 = -b/` j l ∑ = sum of (total) n = the number of individuals of each type present in the sample (types may be species and/or higher taxa such as genera, families, etc.) N = the total number of all individuals of all types present in the sample This formula will be given in the question papers
2.4.4.c
estimate percentage cover and frequency using quadrat data
2.4.4.d
estimate abundance using quadrat datause of a suitable abundance scale, such as ACFOR
2.5.1.a
geospatial systems
2.5.1.b
satellite sensors
2.5.1.c
radio tracking
2.5.1.d
computer modelling
2.5.1.e
crowd sourcing
2.5.3.a
amount and type of data stored
2.5.3.b
speed at which new data is generated
2.5.3.c
trustworthiness of the data
2.5.3.d
ways the data can be used
3.1.2.a
including: environmental, economic, social, political and historical factors
3.1.5.a
dependency ratio = [young population (0 to 14) + old population (65+)] × 100 population aged 15 to 64
3.2.1.a
lower tax revenues
3.2.1.b
higher pension spending
3.2.1.c
pressure on health care
3.2.1.d
pressure to raise retirement age
3.3.1.a
improved availability of contraception
3.3.1.b
improved education about contraception
3.3.1.c
improved education and opportunities for women
3.3.1.d
improved health care
3.3.1.e
local, national and global policies: pronatalist and antinatalist polices, United Nations (UN) Agenda 21, The Club of Rome. (Detailed knowledge of these policies is not required.)
4.1.1.a
desert
4.1.1.b
forest
4.1.1.c
grassland
4.1.1.d
tundra
4.1.2.a
relative timescale
4.1.2.b
starting point
4.1.2.c
soil
4.1.2.d
pioneer species
4.2.3.a
resources of potential medicines
4.2.3.b
food, wood, fibres, oils and fuels
4.2.3.c
diversity in genes
4.2.3.d
ecological services
4.2.3.e
cultural and recreational value
4.2.4.a
protection of species
4.2.4.b
regulation of sustainable harvesting
4.2.4.c
international trade in endangered species (CITES)
4.2.4.d
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
4.2.4.e
European Union Common Fisheries Policy (EU CFP)
4.2.4.f
International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO)
4.2.4.g
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List
4.2.7.a
rewilding and management and conservation of habitats:
4.3.1.a
deforestation leading to fragmentation
4.3.1.b
fuel wood and timber collection
4.3.1.c
agricultural expansion
4.3.1.d
mineral extraction
4.3.1.e
hydroelectric and reservoir projects
4.3.1.f
climate change
4.3.1.g
exploitation of individual species
4.3.2.a
legislation and international agreement
4.3.2.b
sustainable harvesting
4.3.2.c
debt for nature swaps
4.3.2.d
creation of protected areas detailed knowledge of international agreements is not required
4.3.3.a
climate change
4.3.3.b
ozone depletion
4.3.3.c
tourism
4.3.3.d
overfishing
4.3.3.e
future mineral and oil extraction
4.3.3.f
scientific research
4.3.4.a
legislation and international agreement (the Antarctic Treaty 1959)
4.3.4.b
protected areas
4.3.4.c
fisheries regulation
4.3.4.d
prohibited activities such as mineral extraction
4.3.4.e
protection from non-native animals or plants
4.3.4.f
waste management
4.3.4.g
tourism control and permits for travel
5.1.2.a
population growth
5.1.2.b
unsustainable production, increase in homogeneity in global food supply
5.1.2.c
price setting
5.1.2.d
land degradation
5.1.2.e
agricultural disease
5.1.2.f
diverting crops for biofuels
5.1.2.g
climate change
5.1.2.h
water shortages
5.1.2.i
poverty
5.1.3.a
regional food scarcity
5.1.3.b
nutritional deficiency and malnutrition
5.1.3.c
poverty
5.1.3.d
forced migration
5.1.3.e
conflict
5.1.3.f
famine
5.1.3.g
death
5.1.4.a
subsistence agriculture
5.1.4.b
increase food production by intensification and extensification
5.1.4.c
improved agricultural techniques and efficiency
5.1.4.d
reduction in livestock and increase in growing crops
5.1.4.e
reduce food waste
5.1.4.f
large-scale food stockpiling
5.1.4.g
improve transportation of food
5.1.4.h
protecting pollinating insects
5.1.4.i
the World Food Programme and food aid
5.1.4.j
rationing
5.2.1.a
renewable resources:
5.2.1.b
non-renewable resources:
5.2.2.a
long-term energy security:
5.2.2.b
short-term energy security:
5.2.3.a
fossil fuel depletion
5.2.3.b
inequality in global energy resources
5.2.3.c
population growth
5.2.3.d
differing energy needs of countries in different income groups
5.2.3.e
climate change
5.2.3.f
supply disruption
5.2.4.a
disrupted electricity supply to homes and industry
5.2.4.b
increasing prices for energy resources
5.2.4.c
increasing costs for industry
5.2.4.d
job losses, economic recession
5.2.4.e
increased levels of poverty and low standards of living
5.2.4.f
reliance on imported sources of energy
5.2.4.g
civil disruption and conflict
5.2.5.a
increasing energy efficiency
5.2.5.b
increasing energy production
5.2.5.c
reducing reliance on fossil fuels
5.2.5.d
investing in renewable resources and carbon neutral fuels
5.2.5.e
development of alternative energy technologies
5.2.5.f
investment in local energy projects
5.2.5.g
rationing
5.3.1.a
landfill sites
5.3.1.b
incineration
5.3.1.c
storage
5.3.1.d
disposal at sea
5.3.1.e
recycling
5.3.1.f
exporting waste
5.3.2.a
contamination of soil leading to leaching and contamination of ground water
5.3.2.b
build-up and release of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4) with a danger of explosions
5.3.2.c
visual and noise pollution and unpleasant odour
5.3.2.d
risk of spread of disease
5.3.2.e
release of toxic substances
5.3.2.f
bioaccumulation and biomagnification
5.3.2.g
plastics and microplastics in oceans
5.3.3.a
reduce, reuse and recycle
5.3.3.b
biodegradable plastics
5.3.3.c
food waste for animal feed
5.3.3.d
composting
5.3.3.e
fermentation
5.3.3.f
use of waste to generate energy
5.3.3.g
education
5.3.3.h
financial incentives and legislation
6.1.1.a
salt water in oceans
6.1.1.b
surface fresh water
6.1.1.c
sub-surface fresh water
6.1.1.d
atmospheric water
6.1.3.a
climate change, including changes in rainfall
6.1.3.b
natural disasters, including drought and flooding
6.1.3.c
pollution events
6.1.3.d
inadequate sanitation
6.1.3.e
population growth, changes in land usage including deforestation and urbanisation
6.1.3.f
competing demands from agricultural, industrial, energy and domestic sectors
6.1.3.g
mismanagement of irrigation, including salinisation
6.1.3.h
international competition over water sources
6.1.3.i
inequality of availability between water-rich and water-poor regions
6.1.3.j
differing access to safe drinking water in urban and rural areas
6.1.4.a
reduced crop yield and crop failure
6.1.4.b
livestock death
6.1.4.c
food shortages, malnutrition and famine
6.1.4.d
illness caused by contaminated drinking water, limited to diarrhoea and cholera
6.1.5.a
sustainable water extraction and improved supply (piped supply, aquifers and artesian wells, boreholes, gravity-fed schemes, reservoirs and dams)
6.1.5.b
reduction in water usage (improved irrigation techniques, growing crops less dependent on high water supply, recycling and rain water catchment)
6.1.5.c
education on sustainable water use
6.1.5.d
poverty reduction
6.1.5.e
international agreement and water-related aid (detailed knowledge of international agreements is not required)
6.1.5.f
rationing
7.1.2.a
wet deposition
7.1.2.b
dry deposition
7.1.3.a
fossil fuels contain sulfur compounds
7.1.3.b
combustion of fossil fuels releases sulfur dioxide gas
7.1.3.c
sulfur dioxide gas reacts with water and oxygen in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid
7.1.3.d
nitrogen from the atmosphere reacts with oxygen in the high temperatures of vehicle engines to form nitrogen monoxide gas
7.1.3.e
nitrogen monoxide gas is released into the atmosphere in vehicle emissions
7.1.3.f
nitrogen monoxide gas reacts with oxygen and water in the atmosphere to form nitric acid
7.1.4.a
the effects on fish gills and fish populations
7.1.4.b
defoliation and reduced crop yield
7.1.4.c
enhanced chemical weathering
7.2.2.a
eye and respiratory irritation
7.2.2.b
decreased crop yields
7.2.2.c
deterioration of plastics and rubber
7.3.1.a
reduced use of fossil fuels
7.3.1.b
reducing emissions of:
7.3.1.c
restricting vehicle use in urban areas
7.3.1.d
legislation
7.4.1.a
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from aerosols and refrigerants are unreactive compounds and are not broken down in the troposphere
7.4.1.b
CFCs move into the stratosphere and break down in the presence of ultraviolet light to release a chlorine atom
7.4.1.c
rapid reactions between chlorine atoms and ozone breaks down ozone (O3) to oxygen (O2), causing ozone depletion
7.4.1.d
chlorine atoms remain in the stratosphere and can continue to destroy ozone
7.4.4.a
temperature
7.4.4.b
polar vortex
7.4.4.c
polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs)
7.4.5.a
human health (cataracts, skin cancer)
7.4.5.b
decreased crop yields
7.4.5.c
biodiversity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
7.4.5.d
degradation of materials used in clothing and construction
7.4.6.a
detailed knowledge of specific international agreements is not required
7.4.7.a
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
7.4.7.b
fluorinated gases (F-gases)
7.4.8.a
initially the main hypothesis was not accepted
7.4.8.b
some of the auxiliary hypotheses were not backed up by experimental evidence
7.4.8.c
the hypothesis led to further research and data collection by other scientists, which confirmed that CFCs are ozone depleting
8.1.1.a
the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide
8.1.1.b
water vapour
8.1.1.c
methane
8.1.2.a
combustion of fossil fuels (carbon dioxide and water vapour)
8.1.2.b
rice fields and livestock (methane)
8.1.2.c
landfill sites (methane)
8.1.4.a
limited historical data used to reconstruct past climate conditions (ice cores, tree rings, historical accounts)
8.1.4.b
future climate predictions are made using computer climate models which use different variables
8.1.4.c
climate feedback mechanisms are not fully understood
8.1.4.d
time delay between cause and effect
8.1.4.e
uncertainty over the use of some data in drawing conclusions has resulted in differences in scientific and political opinion
8.2.1.a
temperature and precipitation
8.2.1.b
sea level
8.2.1.c
ocean and wind circulation
8.2.1.d
melting of sea ice, ice sheets, glaciers and permafrost
8.2.1.e
species distribution and biodiversity
8.2.2.a
increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events leading to flooding and loss of land, drought and wild fires
8.2.2.b
damage to property and loss of life during extreme weather events
8.2.2.c
forced migration
8.2.2.d
impacts on crop yields and increased pest outbreaks
8.2.2.e
impacts on food, energy and water security
8.3.1.a
reduction of global and individual carbon footprint (fewer children per woman, eating a plant-based diet, adopt an energy-efficient lifestyle)
8.3.1.b
switching to low-carbon fuels
8.3.1.c
reducing the use of fossil fuels
8.3.1.d
using alternative forms of energy
8.3.1.e
transport policies
8.3.1.f
use of carbon capture and storage
8.3.1.g
reducing deforestation, increasing reforestation and afforestation
8.3.1.h
energy efficient buildings and infrastructure
8.3.1.i
adaptation to climate change
8.3.1.j
national and international agreements such as Kyoto Protocol 1992, Paris Agreement 2016 (detailed knowledge of international agreements is not required)
8.3.2.a
solar radiation management (SRM)
4.2.7.a.1
extracted reserves
4.2.7.a.2
protection of habitats
4.2.7.a.3
nature reserves
4.2.7.a.4
protected areas
4.2.7.a.5
conservation zones
4.2.7.a.6
national parks
5.1.4.c.1
aquaculture and hydroponics
5.1.4.c.2
use of selective breeding and genetically modified (GM) crops to developing pestresistant crops and crops with a higher yield
5.1.4.c.3
controlling limiting factors, e.g. use of fertilisers in areas short of nutrients
5.1.4.c.4
increasing productivity by removing competition from weeds by the use of herbicides, reducing fungal disease by use of fungicides, reducing pest species by use of biological control
5.2.1.a.1
biofuels (biomass including wood, bioethanol and biogas), geothermal energy, hydroelectric dams, tidal energy, wave energy, solar energy, wind energy
5.2.1.b.1
fossil fuel (oil, natural gas, coal), nuclear energy using uranium as a fuel
5.2.2.a.1
supply of energy that is in line with economic developments and environmental needs
5.2.2.b.1
systems that react promptly to sudden changes in the supply-demand balance
5.2.3.f.1
natural disasters, piracy, terrorism
6.1.1.b.1
ice sheets, glaciers, lakes, rivers, swamps, marshes, permafrost
6.1.1.c.1
soil moisture, ground water, permafrost
7.1.2.a.1
snow, rain, hail, fog
7.1.2.b.1
dust and gases
7.3.1.b.1
sulfur dioxide by flue gas desulfurisation and fuel desulfurisation
7.3.1.b.2
oxides of nitrogen by catalytic converters
7.3.1.b.3
particulates using electrostatic precipitators
7.3.1.b.4
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ○ safe usage, storage and disposal of household products
7.3.1.d.1
local, national and international legislation (detailed knowledge of specific legislation and agreements is not required)
7.3.1.d.2
polluter pays principle
8.3.2.a.1
albedo enhancement, space reflectors, stratospheric aerosols
Framework metadata
- License
- CC BY 4.0 US